Why west? Comparisons of clinical, genetic and molecular features of infants with and without spasms

Anne T. Berg, Samya Chakravorty, Sookyong Koh, Zachary M. Grinspan, Renée A. Shellhaas, Russell P. Saneto, Elaine C. Wirrell, Jason Coryell, Catherine J. Chu, John R. Mytinger, William D. Gaillard, Ignacio Valencia, Kelly G. Knupp, Tobias Loddenkemper, Joseph E. Sullivan, Annapurna Poduri, John J. Millichap, Cynthia Keator, Courtney Wusthoff, Nicole RyanWilliam B. Dobyns, Madhuri Hegde

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

27 Scopus citations

Abstract

Infantile spasms are the defining seizures of West syndrome, a severe form of early life epilepsy with poorly-understood pathophysiology. We present a novel comparative analysis of infants with spasms versus other seizure-types and identify clinical, etiological, and molecular-genetic factors preferentially predisposing to spasms. We compared ages, clinical etiologies, and associated-genes between spasms and non-spasms groups in a multicenter cohort of 509 infants (<12months) with newly-diagnosed epilepsy. Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis of clinical laboratory-confirmed pathogenic variant-harboring genes was performed. Pathways, functions, and cellular compartments between spasms and non-spasms groups were compared. Spasms onset age was similar in infants initially presenting with spasms (6.1 months) versus developing spasms as a later seizure type (6.9 months) but lower in the non-spasms group (4.7 months, p<0.0001). This pattern held across most etiological categories. Gestational age negatively correlated with spasms onset-age (r = -0.29, p<0.0001) but not with non-spasm seizure age. Spasms were significantly preferentially associated with broad developmental and regulatory pathways, whereas motor functions and pathways including cellular response to stimuli, cell motility and ion transport were preferentially enriched in non-spasms. Neuronal cell-body organelles preferentially associated with spasms, while, axonal, dendritic, and synaptic regions preferentially associated with other seizures. Spasms are a clinically and biologically distinct infantile seizure type. Comparative clinical-epidemiological analyses identify the middle of the first year as the time of peak expression regardless of etiology. The inverse association with gestational age suggests the preterm brain must reach a certain post-conceptional, not just chronological, neurodevelopmental stage before spasms manifest. Clear differences exist between the biological pathways leading to spasms versus other seizure types and suggest that spasms result from dysregulation of multiple developmental pathways and involve different cellular components than other seizure types. This deeper level of understanding May guide investigations into pathways most critical to target in future precision medicine efforts.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Article numbere0193599
JournalPloS one
Volume13
Issue number3
DOIs
StatePublished - Mar 2018
Externally publishedYes

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
The study was funded by a grant from the Pediatric Epilepsy Research Foundation, Dallas, TX. (ATB) http://pediatricepilepsyresearchfoundation.org/.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 Berg et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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