Variation of the mid-latitude westerlies and Indian summer monsoon since the last deglaciation: Evidence from grain-size data from Linggo Co, central Tibet

The mid-latitude westerlies and Indian summer monsoon (ISM) have a significant impact on the water budget and general environment of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), and much work has been conducted in order to characterize variations in these two atmospheric circulation systems on various time scales. However, the nature of the interplay between the Asian summer monsoon and the westerlies during the last deglaciation remains controversial. In this study, a sediment core from Linggo Co, a closed lake in the central TP, was analyzed for grain size and ostracod content. The results suggest that environmental change in the Linggo Co basin during the past 17 ka can be divided into four stages: during Stage 1 (17-11.7 ka) Linggo Co was a shallow lake characterized by high amplitude hydrological fluctuations. Strong winds prevailed in winter, correlative with cold events in the North Atlantic region, and indicating the dominance of the westerlies. During Stage 2 (~11.7 ka), in the early Holocene, Linggo Co expanded rapidly and there was the disappearance of the shallow-water ostracod species Limnocythere inopinata together with a decrease in mean grain-size. These changes indicate that ISM was enhanced and that it was the dominant atmospheric circulation affecting TP rather than the westerlies. During Stage 3 (10-8 ka) Linggo Co experienced several intervals with a negative water budget, which may be attributed to a weakening of the weaken ISM or to the reduced influx of glacial meltwater as a result of the influence of cold climatic events. During Stage 4, after 8 ka, Linggo Co shrank progressively in parallel with a gradual weakening of the ISM and finally a transition to the present environment occurred at ~2.5 ka. A comparison of the record from Linggo Co and other records from the TP reveals that prior to 16.5 ka the mid-latitude westerlies was the dominant atmospheric circulation system controlling the entire TP. From 16.5 to 11.5 ka, the mid-latitude westerlies still controlled the central-northern TP; however, the ISM controlled the southern TP, which had a similar climatic pattern to the present day. During the early-middle Holocene, the ISM was the dominant system affecting the entire TP; however, its influence was considerably reduced during the late Holocene, which was probably accompanied by a strengthening of the westerlies.