Variation in Outpatient Postpartum Care Use in the United States: A Latent Class Analysis

Introduction: Despite efforts to improve postpartum health care in the United States, little is known about patterns of postpartum care beyond routine postpartum visit attendance. This study aimed to describe variation in outpatient postpartum care patterns. Methods: In this longitudinal cohort study of national commercial claims data, we used latent class analysis to identify subgroups of patients (classes) with similar outpatient postpartum care patterns (defined by the number of preventive, problem, and emergency department outpatient visits in the 60 days after birth). We also compared classes in terms of maternal sociodemographics and clinical characteristics measured at childbirth, as well as total health spending and rates of adverse events (all-cause hospitalizations and severe maternal morbidity) measured from childbirth to the late postpartum period (61–365 days after birth). Results: The study cohort included 250,048 patients hospitalized for childbirth in 2016. We identified six classes with distinct outpatient postpartum care patterns in the 60 days after birth, which we classified into three broad groups: no care (class 1 [32.4% of the total sample]); preventive care only (class 2 [18.3%]); and problem care (classes 3–6 [49.3%]). The prevalence of clinical risk factors at childbirth increased progressively from class 1 to class 6; for example, 6.7% of class 1 patients had any chronic disease compared with 15.5% of class 5 patients. Severe maternal morbidity was highest among the high problem care classes (classes 5 and 6): 1.5% of class 6 patients experienced severe maternal morbidity in the postpartum period and 0.5% in the late postpartum period, compared with less than 0.1% of patients in classes 1 and 2. Conclusions: Efforts to redesign and measure postpartum care should reflect the current heterogeneity in care patterns and clinical risks in the postpartum population.