Using the research-through-designing lens to advance landscape sustainability

Context: In the U.S., landscape architecture researchers are interested in how “research through designing” as a lens (RTD lens) can advance the understanding of how designed landscapes can contribute to landscape sustainability. These scholars provide evidence of why spatial design is an effective research strategy for investigating and evaluating which designed landscapes are optimal for the sustainability of urban and urbanizing areas. Objectives: The primary objective of this article is to propose a conceptual framework that categorizes and compares the four major research approaches using the RTD lens (four approaches) in the U.S. that integrates ecology and design thought to enhance the sustainability of designed landscapes. Methods: To create the conceptual framework, the author used her knowledge and experience at the intersection of landscape architecture, ecological sciences, and landscape sustainability to qualitatively review, synthesize, and compare the relevant literature. Results: Four approaches are included in the conceptual framework: (1) landscape ecological design, (2) novel urban ecosystem design, (3) sustainable landscape performance design, and (4) resilient infrastructure design. The definitions of the four approaches are explained, including key areas, topics, concepts, and frameworks that integrate ecological and design concepts. Three lessons learned from the conceptual framework are reviewed for how they might influence future research directions. Conclusion: Landscape architecture researchers in the U.S. have used the four approaches to increase the credibility and legitimacy of spatial design in theoretical and applied research. Their scholarship provides evidence that “knowing” ecology from a design point of view broadens the impact and relevance of this science to society and provides important insights to advance landscape sustainability.