Abstract
Gross domestic product (GDP) summarizes a vast amount of economic information in a single monetary metric that is widely used by decision makers around the world. However, GDP fails to capture fully the contributions of nature to economic activity and human well-being. To address this critical omission, we develop a measure of gross ecosystem product (GEP) that summarizes the value of ecosystem services in a single monetary metric. We illustrate the measurement of GEP through an application to the Chinese province of Qinghai, showing that the approach is tractable using available data. Known as the "water tower of Asia," Qinghai is the source of the Mekong, Yangtze, and Yellow Rivers, and indeed, we find that water-related ecosystemservices make up nearly two-thirds of the value of GEP for Qinghai. Importantly most of these benefits accrue downstream. In Qinghai, GEP was greater than GDP in 2000 and three-fourths as large as GDP in 2015 as its market economy grew. Large-scale investment in restoration resulted in improvements in the flows of ecosystem services measured in GEP (127.5%) over this period. Going forward, China is using GEP in decision making in multiple ways, as part of a transformation to inclusive, green growth. This includes investing in conservation of ecosystem assets to secure provision of ecosystem services through transregional compensation payments.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 14593-14601 |
Number of pages | 9 |
Journal | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Volume | 117 |
Issue number | 25 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Jun 23 2020 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. We thank Dr. Bo Li for helpful comments. We thank the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Report (2019QZKK0300); National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC503400); the Asian Development Bank (ADB TA 9040-PRC), the National Science Foundation (#1924111); the Natural Capital Project for support of the Natural Capital Data and Software Platform; the Turing Institute HSBC-ONS Economic Data Science Award Learning Tools for Land Use Analysis and Decision Support Utilising Earth Observation, Natural Capital and Economic Data; and the Fesler-Lampert Endowment for Ecological/Environmental Economics, University of Minnesota, for support.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Keywords
- Ecosystem services
- Environmental-economic accounting
- GDP
- Gross ecosystem product
- Natural capital
PubMed: MeSH publication types
- Journal Article
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't