Abstract
BACKGROUND: Traditionally, patient risk scoring is done by evaluating vital signs and clinical severity scores with clinical intuition. Urinary biomarkers can add objectivity to these models to make risk prediction more accurate. We used metabolomics to identify prognostic urinary biomarkers of mortality or need for renal replacement therapy (RRT). Additionally, we assessed acute kidney injury (AKI) diagnosis, injury severity score (ISS), and AKI stage.
METHODS: Urine samples (n = 82) from a previous study of combat casualties were evaluated using proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1H-NMR) spectroscopy. Chenomx software was used to identify and quantify urinary metabolites. Metabolite concentrations were normalized by urine output, autoscaled, and log-transformed. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and statistical analysis were performed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess prognostic utility of biomarkers for mortality and RRT.
RESULTS: Eighty-four (84) metabolites were identified and quantified in each urine sample. Of these, 11 were identified as drugs or drug metabolites and excluded. The PLS-DA models for ISS and AKI diagnosis did not have acceptable model statistics. Therefore, only mortality/RRT and AKI stage were analyzed further. Of 73 analyzed metabolites, 9 were significantly associated with mortality/RRT (p < 0.05) and 11 were significantly associated with AKI stage (p < 0.05). 1-Methylnicotinamide was the only metabolite to be significantly associated (p < 0.05) with all outcomes and was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in patients with adverse outcomes. Elevated lactate and 1-methylnicotinamide levels were associated with higher AKI stage and mortality and RRT, whereas elevated glycine levels were associated with patients who survived and did not require RRT, or had less severe AKI. ROC curves for each of these metabolites and the combined panel had good predictive value (lactate AUC = 0.901, 1-methylnicotinamide AUC = 0.864, glycine AUC = 0.735, panel AUC = 0.858).
CONCLUSIONS: We identified urinary metabolites associated with AKI stage and the primary outcome of mortality or need for RRT. Lactate, 1-methylnicotinamide, and glycine may be used as a panel of predictive biomarkers for mortality and RRT. 1-Methylnicotinamide is a novel biomarker associated with adverse outcomes. Additional studies are necessary to determine how these metabolites can be utilized in clinically-relevant risk prediction models.
Original language | English (US) |
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Article number | 119 |
Journal | Critical Care |
Volume | 25 |
Issue number | 1 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Mar 23 2021 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:None to report. The opinions and assertions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Uniformed Services University, the Department of Defense, or the University of Minnesota.
Funding Information:
This study was funded by the United States Air Force Headquarters, Office of the Surgeon General.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021, The Author(s).
Keywords
- Acute kidney injury
- Biomarkers
- Combat injury
- Metabolites
- Metabolomics
- Renal replacement therapy
- Risk prediction
- Prognosis
- Prospective Studies
- Area Under Curve
- Biomarkers/analysis
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Male
- Warfare/statistics & numerical data
- Mortality/trends
- Female
- Renal Replacement Therapy/methods
- Retrospective Studies
- Severity of Illness Index
- Acute Kidney Injury/etiology
- Pilot Projects
- ROC Curve
- Aged
- Wounds and Injuries/complications
PubMed: MeSH publication types
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Journal Article
- Observational Study