Unveiling Protective and Risk Factors: Korean Immigrants and Korean Americans in the Southeastern United States and Their Encounters with Discrimination During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Purpose: Anti-Asian discrimination surged in the U.S. during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examined pandemic-era discrimination among Korean immigrants and Korean Americans living in the southeastern United States (N = 355), a region shaped by a historically entrenched Black–White racial order and a growing Asian population. Materials and Methods: Participants completed a survey assessing discrimination during the pandemic, including any discrimination and “blatant” incidents (e.g. threats or harassment). Poisson regression models estimated associations with English proficiency, social support, self-rated health, Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), and an English proficiency × ACEs interaction. Results: Overall, 75% reported any discrimination and 22% reported blatant incidents. In adjusted models, proficient English speakers reported higher discrimination (IRR = 1.43, p =.001). Greater social support and better health were associated with lower discrimination (IRR = 0.99, p =.011; IRR = 0.89, p =.015), while ACEs were associated with higher discrimination (IRR = 1.06, p =.002). The English proficiency × ACEs interaction was significant (IRR = 0.96, p =.042), indicating that the association between English proficiency and discrimination varied by ACEs level. Discussion: Discrimination was widespread in this sample, with a notable share reporting blatant events. Social support and health may be protective, whereas childhood adversity may heighten vulnerability and shape how English proficiency relates to discrimination exposure. Conclusion: Anti-Asian discrimination warrants focused attention in the southeastern United States. Interventions that strengthen social support, expand culturally competent healthcare, and increase community awareness may help mitigate discrimination and related harms.