TY - JOUR
T1 - Time course of the regenerative response in bupivacaine injured orbicularis oculi muscle
AU - McLoon, Linda K.
AU - Nguyen, Lan Thi
AU - Wirtschafter, Jonathan
N1 - Funding Information:
Supported by grant EY 07935 from the National Institutes of Health, the Minnesota Lions and Lionesses and an unrestricted grant to the Department of Ophthalmology from Research to Prevent Blindness, Inc.
PY - 1998
Y1 - 1998
N2 - Local anesthetics, particularly bupivacaine, are known to be myotoxic to skeletal muscle. Injury is followed by satellite cell mediated regeneration. The eyelid is a common site for the injection of local anesthetics. Due to the complex anatomy of this region and the unique properties of facial musculature compared to limb skeletal muscle, the response of the orbicularis oculi to local injection of bupivacaine was examined to determine the time course of maximum satellite cell activation and division. The lower eyelids of rabbits were injected with two doses of a combination of bupivacaine and hyaluronidase, spaced 18 h apart. To assess the time course of satellite cell division, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected immediately or, 1, 2, 3, 6 or 13 days after the second bupivacaine injury. The rabbits were sacrificed 24 h later. The eyelids were prepared for immunohistological examination and morphometric analysis of the presence of CD11-positive monocytes, neutrophils and macrophages, MyoD expression in satellite cells and/or myoblasts, and co-expression of BrdU and the developmental myosin heavy chain isoform. One day after bupivacaine injury of the orbicularis oculi, there was a large influx of CD11-positive cells which gradually decreased over time. Maximum activation of satellite cells, as defined by MyoD expression, occurred 2 and 3 days after the injury. Using double labeling techniques, the peak of BrdU incorporation occurred on day 3 and was identified in developmental myosin co-labeled cells 4 days after injury. The peak of satellite cell activation and division occurred 3 days after bupivacaine induced injury, as demonstrated by both MyoD expression and after pulse labeling with BrdU as identified in double labeled cells positive for BrdU and the developmental myosin heavy chain isoform. The process of regeneration in this muscle extended beyond the duration of this study. Muscle fibers remained small in cross-sectional area and positive for developmental myosin 2 weeks after injury, at a time when the fiber number had reached control, uninjured levels.
AB - Local anesthetics, particularly bupivacaine, are known to be myotoxic to skeletal muscle. Injury is followed by satellite cell mediated regeneration. The eyelid is a common site for the injection of local anesthetics. Due to the complex anatomy of this region and the unique properties of facial musculature compared to limb skeletal muscle, the response of the orbicularis oculi to local injection of bupivacaine was examined to determine the time course of maximum satellite cell activation and division. The lower eyelids of rabbits were injected with two doses of a combination of bupivacaine and hyaluronidase, spaced 18 h apart. To assess the time course of satellite cell division, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected immediately or, 1, 2, 3, 6 or 13 days after the second bupivacaine injury. The rabbits were sacrificed 24 h later. The eyelids were prepared for immunohistological examination and morphometric analysis of the presence of CD11-positive monocytes, neutrophils and macrophages, MyoD expression in satellite cells and/or myoblasts, and co-expression of BrdU and the developmental myosin heavy chain isoform. One day after bupivacaine injury of the orbicularis oculi, there was a large influx of CD11-positive cells which gradually decreased over time. Maximum activation of satellite cells, as defined by MyoD expression, occurred 2 and 3 days after the injury. Using double labeling techniques, the peak of BrdU incorporation occurred on day 3 and was identified in developmental myosin co-labeled cells 4 days after injury. The peak of satellite cell activation and division occurred 3 days after bupivacaine induced injury, as demonstrated by both MyoD expression and after pulse labeling with BrdU as identified in double labeled cells positive for BrdU and the developmental myosin heavy chain isoform. The process of regeneration in this muscle extended beyond the duration of this study. Muscle fibers remained small in cross-sectional area and positive for developmental myosin 2 weeks after injury, at a time when the fiber number had reached control, uninjured levels.
KW - Facial muscle
KW - Muscle injury
KW - MyoD
KW - Myoblasts
KW - Satellite cells
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U2 - 10.1007/s004410051195
DO - 10.1007/s004410051195
M3 - Article
C2 - 9799461
AN - SCOPUS:0031769870
VL - 294
SP - 439
EP - 447
JO - Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und mikroskopische Anatomie (Vienna, Austria : 1948)
JF - Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und mikroskopische Anatomie (Vienna, Austria : 1948)
SN - 0302-766X
IS - 3
ER -