The use of transscrotal venography to guide treatment of a persistent grade 3 varicocele after failure of previous microsurgical varicocelectomy and embolization

Varicoceles affect approximately 15% of male patients, most of whom have resolution of symptoms and objective findings with microscopic subinguinal varicocelectomy. We present an interesting case of a 16-year-old male patient with persistent symptomatic varicocele despite varicocelectomy and gonadal vein embolization.