The SPT-deep Cluster Catalog: Sunyaev–Zel’dovich Selected Clusters from Combined SPT-3G and SPTpol Measurements over 100 Square Degrees

K. Kornoelje; L. E. Bleem; E. S. Rykoff; T. M.C. Abbott; P. A.R. Ade; M. Aguena; O. Alves; A. J. Anderson; F. Andrade Oliveira; B. Ansarinejad; M. Archipley; M. L.N. Ashby; J. E. Austermann; D. Bacon; L. Balkenhol; Matthew B. Bayliss; J. A. Beall; K. Benabed; A. N. Bender; B. A. Benson; F. Bianchini; S. Bocquet; F. R. Bouchet; D. Brooks; D. L. Burke; M. Calzadilla; M. G. Campitiello; E. Camphuis; J. E. Carlstrom; A. Carnero Rosell; J. Carretero; C. L. Chang; P. Chaubal; H. C. Chiang; P. M. Chichura; A. Chokshi; T. L. Chou; R. Citron; A. Coerver; C. Corbett Moran; M. Costanzi; T. M. Crawford; A. T. Crites; L. N. da Costa; C. Daley; T. de Haan; J. De Vicente; S. Desai; K. R. Dibert; M. A. Dobbs; P. Doel; M. Doohan; A. Doussot; D. Dutcher; W. Everett; S. Everett; C. Feng; K. R. Ferguson; J. Mena-Fern’andez; I. Ferrero; K. Fichman; B. Flaugher; B. Floyd; A. Foster; D. Friedel; J. Frieman; S. Galli; J. Gallicchio; A. E. Gambrel; J. García-Bellido; R. W. Gardner; R. Gassis; M. Gatti; F. Ge; E. M. George; G. Giannini; N. Goeckner-Wald; S. Grandis; D. Gruen; R. A. Gruendl; R. Gualtieri; F. Guidi; S. Guns; N. Gupta; G. Gutierrez; N. W. Halverson; S. R. Hinton; E. Hivon; G. P. Holder; D. L. Hollowood; W. L. Holzapfel; K. Honscheid; J. C. Hood; J. D. Hrubes; A. Hryciuk; N. Huang; J. Hubmayr; K. D. Irwin; D. J. James; F. Kéruzoré; A. R. Khalife; M. Klein; L. Knox; M. Korman; K. Kuehn; C. L. Kuo; O. Lahav; A. T. Lee; S. Lee; K. Levy; D. Li; M. Lima; A. E. Lowitz; A. Lowitz; C. Lu; Guillaume Mahler; A. Maniyar; J. L. Marshal; J. L. Marshall; E. S. Martsen; M. McDonald; J. J. McMahon; F. Menanteau; M. Millea; R. Miquel; J. J. Mohr; J. Montgomery; J. Myles; Y. Nakato; T. Natoli; J. P. Nibarger; G. I. Noble; V. Novosad; R. L.C. Ogando; Y. Omori; A. Ouellette; S. Padin; Z. Pan; S. Patil; M. E.S. Pereira; K. A. Phadke; A. Pieres; A. A. Plazas Malag’on; A. W. Pollak; K. Prabhu; C. Pryke; W. Quan; M. Rahimi; A. Rahlin; C. L. Reichardt; M. Rodr’iguez-Monroy; A. K. Romer; M. Rouble; J. E. Ruhl; B. R. Saliwanchik; L. Salvati; S. Samuroff; E. Sanchez; Arnab Sarkar; A. Saro; K. K. Schaffer; E. Schiappucci; T. Schrabback; I. Sevilla-Noarbe; C. Sievers; G. Smecher; M. Smith; J. A. Sobrin; T. Somboonpanyakul; B. Stalder; A. A. Stark; V. Strazzullo; E. Suchyta; M. E.C. Swanson; C. Tandoi; G. Tarle; B. Thorne; C. To; C. Trendafilova; C. Tucker; C. Umilta; T. Veach; J. D. Vieira; M. Vincenzi; A. Vitrier; Y. Wan; G. Wang; N. Weaverdyck; J. Weller; N. Whitehorn; P. Wiseman; W. L.K. Wu; V. Yefremenko; M. R. Young; J. A. Zebrowski; Y. Zhang

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae5f7b

The SPT-deep Cluster Catalog: Sunyaev–Zel’dovich Selected Clusters from Combined SPT-3G and SPTpol Measurements over 100 Square Degrees

K. Kornoelje
, L. E. Bleem
, E. S. Rykoff
, T. M.C. Abbott
, P. A.R. Ade
, M. Aguena
, O. Alves
, A. J. Anderson
, F. Andrade Oliveira
, B. Ansarinejad
, M. Archipley
, M. L.N. Ashby
, J. E. Austermann
, D. Bacon
, L. Balkenhol
, Matthew B. Bayliss
, J. A. Beall
, K. Benabed
, A. N. Bender
, B. A. Benson

F. Bianchini, S. Bocquet, F. R. Bouchet, D. Brooks, D. L. Burke, M. Calzadilla, M. G. Campitiello, E. Camphuis, J. E. Carlstrom, A. Carnero Rosell, J. Carretero, C. L. Chang, P. Chaubal, H. C. Chiang, P. M. Chichura, A. Chokshi, T. L. Chou, R. Citron, A. Coerver, C. Corbett Moran, M. Costanzi, T. M. Crawford, A. T. Crites, L. N. da Costa, C. Daley, T. de Haan, J. De Vicente, S. Desai, K. R. Dibert, M. A. Dobbs, P. Doel, M. Doohan, A. Doussot, D. Dutcher, W. Everett, S. Everett, C. Feng, K. R. Ferguson, J. Mena-Fern’andez, I. Ferrero, K. Fichman, B. Flaugher, B. Floyd, A. Foster, D. Friedel, J. Frieman, S. Galli, J. Gallicchio, A. E. Gambrel, J. García-Bellido, R. W. Gardner, R. Gassis, M. Gatti, F. Ge, E. M. George, G. Giannini, N. Goeckner-Wald, S. Grandis, D. Gruen, R. A. Gruendl, R. Gualtieri, F. Guidi, S. Guns, N. Gupta, G. Gutierrez, N. W. Halverson, S. R. Hinton, E. Hivon, G. P. Holder, D. L. Hollowood, W. L. Holzapfel, K. Honscheid, J. C. Hood, J. D. Hrubes, A. Hryciuk, N. Huang, J. Hubmayr, K. D. Irwin, D. J. James, F. Kéruzoré, A. R. Khalife, M. Klein, L. Knox, M. Korman, K. Kuehn, C. L. Kuo, O. Lahav, A. T. Lee, S. Lee, K. Levy, D. Li, M. Lima, A. E. Lowitz, A. Lowitz, C. Lu, Guillaume Mahler, A. Maniyar, J. L. Marshal, J. L. Marshall, E. S. Martsen, M. McDonald, J. J. McMahon, F. Menanteau, M. Millea, R. Miquel, J. J. Mohr, J. Montgomery, J. Myles, Y. Nakato, T. Natoli, J. P. Nibarger, G. I. Noble, V. Novosad, R. L.C. Ogando, Y. Omori, A. Ouellette, S. Padin, Z. Pan, S. Patil, M. E.S. Pereira, K. A. Phadke, A. Pieres, A. A. Plazas Malag’on, A. W. Pollak, K. Prabhu, C. Pryke, W. Quan, M. Rahimi, A. Rahlin, C. L. Reichardt, M. Rodr’iguez-Monroy, A. K. Romer, M. Rouble, J. E. Ruhl, B. R. Saliwanchik, L. Salvati, S. Samuroff, E. Sanchez, Arnab Sarkar, A. Saro, K. K. Schaffer, E. Schiappucci, T. Schrabback, I. Sevilla-Noarbe, C. Sievers, G. Smecher, M. Smith, J. A. Sobrin, T. Somboonpanyakul, B. Stalder, A. A. Stark, V. Strazzullo, E. Suchyta, M. E.C. Swanson, C. Tandoi, G. Tarle, B. Thorne, C. To, C. Trendafilova, C. Tucker, C. Umilta, T. Veach, J. D. Vieira, M. Vincenzi, A. Vitrier, Y. Wan, G. Wang, N. Weaverdyck, J. Weller, N. Whitehorn, P. Wiseman, W. L.K. Wu, V. Yefremenko, M. R. Young, J. A. Zebrowski, Y. Zhang

Physics and Astronomy (Twin Cities)

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

We present a catalog of 500 galaxy cluster candidates in the SPT-Deep field: a 100 deg² field that combines data from the SPT-3G and SPTpol surveys to reach noise levels of 3.0, 2.2, and 9.0 μK-arcmin at 95, 150, and 220 GHz, respectively. Candidates are selected via the thermal Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) effect with a minimum significance of ξ = 4.0, resulting in a catalog of purity ∼89%. Optical data from the Dark Energy Survey and infrared data from the Spitzer Space Telescope are used to confirm 442 cluster candidates. The clusters span 0.12 < z ≲ 1.8 and 1.0 × 10¹⁴M_⊙/h₇₀ < M_500c < 8.7 × 10¹⁴M_⊙/h₇₀. The sample’s median redshift is 0.74, and the median mass is 1.7 × 10¹⁴M_⊙/h₇₀; these are the lowest median mass and highest median redshift of any SZ-selected sample to date. We assess the effect of infrared emission from cluster member galaxies on cluster selection by performing a joint fit to the infrared dust and tSZ signals by combining measurements from SPT and overlapping submillimeter data from Herschel/SPIRE. We find that at high redshift (z > 1), the tSZ signal is reduced by (Formula presented) 17.9−3.2+3.8% ( (Formula presented) 3.8−0.7+0.9% ) at 150 GHz (95 GHz) due to dust contamination. We repeat our cluster finding method on dust-nulled SPT maps and find the resulting catalog is consistent with the nominal SPT-Deep catalog, suggesting dust contamination does not significantly impact the SPT-Deep selection function; we attribute this lack of bias to the inclusion of the SPT 220 GHz band.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	48
Journal	Astrophysical Journal
Volume	1004
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae5f7b
State	Published - Jun 10 2026

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

Keywords

Galaxy clusters (584)
Large-scale structure of the universe (902)

Publisher link

10.3847/1538-4357/ae5f7b

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Kornoelje, K., Bleem, L. E., Rykoff, E. S., Abbott, T. M. C., Ade, P. A. R., Aguena, M., Alves, O., Anderson, A. J., Oliveira, F. A., Ansarinejad, B., Archipley, M., Ashby, M. L. N., Austermann, J. E., Bacon, D., Balkenhol, L., Bayliss, M. B., Beall, J. A., Benabed, K., Bender, A. N., ... Zhang, Y. (2026). The SPT-deep Cluster Catalog: Sunyaev–Zel’dovich Selected Clusters from Combined SPT-3G and SPTpol Measurements over 100 Square Degrees. Astrophysical Journal, 1004(1), Article 48. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae5f7b

Kornoelje, K, Bleem, LE, Rykoff, ES, Abbott, TMC, Ade, PAR, Aguena, M, Alves, O, Anderson, AJ, Oliveira, FA, Ansarinejad, B, Archipley, M, Ashby, MLN, Austermann, JE, Bacon, D, Balkenhol, L, Bayliss, MB, Beall, JA, Benabed, K, Bender, AN, Benson, BA, Bianchini, F, Bocquet, S, Bouchet, FR, Brooks, D, Burke, DL, Calzadilla, M, Campitiello, MG, Camphuis, E, Carlstrom, JE, Carnero Rosell, A, Carretero, J, Chang, CL, Chaubal, P, Chiang, HC, Chichura, PM, Chokshi, A, Chou, TL, Citron, R, Coerver, A, Moran, CC, Costanzi, M, Crawford, TM, Crites, AT, da Costa, LN, Daley, C, de Haan, T, De Vicente, J, Desai, S, Dibert, KR, Dobbs, MA, Doel, P, Doohan, M, Doussot, A, Dutcher, D, Everett, W, Everett, S, Feng, C, Ferguson, KR, Mena-Fern’andez, J, Ferrero, I, Fichman, K, Flaugher, B, Floyd, B, Foster, A, Friedel, D, Frieman, J, Galli, S, Gallicchio, J, Gambrel, AE, García-Bellido, J, Gardner, RW, Gassis, R, Gatti, M, Ge, F, George, EM, Giannini, G, Goeckner-Wald, N, Grandis, S, Gruen, D, Gruendl, RA, Gualtieri, R, Guidi, F, Guns, S, Gupta, N, Gutierrez, G, Halverson, NW, Hinton, SR, Hivon, E, Holder, GP, Hollowood, DL, Holzapfel, WL, Honscheid, K, Hood, JC, Hrubes, JD, Hryciuk, A, Huang, N, Hubmayr, J, Irwin, KD, James, DJ, Kéruzoré, F, Khalife, AR, Klein, M, Knox, L, Korman, M, Kuehn, K, Kuo, CL, Lahav, O, Lee, AT, Lee, S, Levy, K, Li, D, Lima, M, Lowitz, AE, Lowitz, A, Lu, C, Mahler, G, Maniyar, A, Marshal, JL, Marshall, JL, Martsen, ES, McDonald, M, McMahon, JJ, Menanteau, F, Millea, M, Miquel, R, Mohr, JJ, Montgomery, J, Myles, J, Nakato, Y, Natoli, T, Nibarger, JP, Noble, GI, Novosad, V, Ogando, RLC, Omori, Y, Ouellette, A, Padin, S, Pan, Z, Patil, S, Pereira, MES, Phadke, KA, Pieres, A, Plazas Malag’on, AA, Pollak, AW, Prabhu, K, Pryke, C, Quan, W, Rahimi, M, Rahlin, A, Reichardt, CL, Rodr’iguez-Monroy, M, Romer, AK, Rouble, M, Ruhl, JE, Saliwanchik, BR, Salvati, L, Samuroff, S, Sanchez, E, Sarkar, A, Saro, A, Schaffer, KK, Schiappucci, E, Schrabback, T, Sevilla-Noarbe, I, Sievers, C, Smecher, G, Smith, M, Sobrin, JA, Somboonpanyakul, T, Stalder, B, Stark, AA, Strazzullo, V, Suchyta, E, Swanson, MEC, Tandoi, C, Tarle, G, Thorne, B, To, C, Trendafilova, C, Tucker, C, Umilta, C, Veach, T, Vieira, JD, Vincenzi, M, Vitrier, A, Wan, Y, Wang, G, Weaverdyck, N, Weller, J, Whitehorn, N, Wiseman, P, Wu, WLK, Yefremenko, V, Young, MR, Zebrowski, JA & Zhang, Y 2026, 'The SPT-deep Cluster Catalog: Sunyaev–Zel’dovich Selected Clusters from Combined SPT-3G and SPTpol Measurements over 100 Square Degrees', Astrophysical Journal, vol. 1004, no. 1, 48. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae5f7b

@article{7891e7afe28b42b882a40c0d5cf1e5e8,

title = "The SPT-deep Cluster Catalog: Sunyaev{\textendash}Zel{\textquoteright}dovich Selected Clusters from Combined SPT-3G and SPTpol Measurements over 100 Square Degrees",

abstract = "We present a catalog of 500 galaxy cluster candidates in the SPT-Deep field: a 100 deg2 field that combines data from the SPT-3G and SPTpol surveys to reach noise levels of 3.0, 2.2, and 9.0 μK-arcmin at 95, 150, and 220 GHz, respectively. Candidates are selected via the thermal Sunyaev{\textendash}Zel{\textquoteright}dovich (SZ) effect with a minimum significance of ξ = 4.0, resulting in a catalog of purity ∼89\%. Optical data from the Dark Energy Survey and infrared data from the Spitzer Space Telescope are used to confirm 442 cluster candidates. The clusters span 0.12 < z ≲ 1.8 and 1.0 {\texttimes} 1014M⊙/h70 < M500c < 8.7 {\texttimes} 1014M⊙/h70. The sample{\textquoteright}s median redshift is 0.74, and the median mass is 1.7 {\texttimes} 1014M⊙/h70; these are the lowest median mass and highest median redshift of any SZ-selected sample to date. We assess the effect of infrared emission from cluster member galaxies on cluster selection by performing a joint fit to the infrared dust and tSZ signals by combining measurements from SPT and overlapping submillimeter data from Herschel/SPIRE. We find that at high redshift (z > 1), the tSZ signal is reduced by (Formula presented) 17.9−3.2+3.8\% ( (Formula presented) 3.8−0.7+0.9\% ) at 150 GHz (95 GHz) due to dust contamination. We repeat our cluster finding method on dust-nulled SPT maps and find the resulting catalog is consistent with the nominal SPT-Deep catalog, suggesting dust contamination does not significantly impact the SPT-Deep selection function; we attribute this lack of bias to the inclusion of the SPT 220 GHz band.",

keywords = "Galaxy clusters (584), Large-scale structure of the universe (902)",

author = "K. Kornoelje and Bleem, \{L. E.\} and Rykoff, \{E. S.\} and Abbott, \{T. M.C.\} and Ade, \{P. A.R.\} and M. Aguena and O. Alves and Anderson, \{A. J.\} and Oliveira, \{F. Andrade\} and B. Ansarinejad and M. Archipley and Ashby, \{M. L.N.\} and Austermann, \{J. E.\} and D. Bacon and L. Balkenhol and Bayliss, \{Matthew B.\} and Beall, \{J. A.\} and K. Benabed and Bender, \{A. N.\} and Benson, \{B. A.\} and F. Bianchini and S. Bocquet and Bouchet, \{F. R.\} and D. Brooks and Burke, \{D. L.\} and M. Calzadilla and Campitiello, \{M. G.\} and E. Camphuis and Carlstrom, \{J. E.\} and \{Carnero Rosell\}, A. and J. Carretero and Chang, \{C. L.\} and P. Chaubal and Chiang, \{H. C.\} and Chichura, \{P. M.\} and A. Chokshi and Chou, \{T. L.\} and R. Citron and A. Coerver and Moran, \{C. Corbett\} and M. Costanzi and Crawford, \{T. M.\} and Crites, \{A. T.\} and \{da Costa\}, \{L. N.\} and C. Daley and \{de Haan\}, T. and \{De Vicente\}, J. and S. Desai and Dibert, \{K. R.\} and Dobbs, \{M. A.\} and P. Doel and M. Doohan and A. Doussot and D. Dutcher and W. Everett and S. Everett and C. Feng and Ferguson, \{K. R.\} and J. Mena-Fern{\textquoteright}andez and I. Ferrero and K. Fichman and B. Flaugher and B. Floyd and A. Foster and D. Friedel and J. Frieman and S. Galli and J. Gallicchio and Gambrel, \{A. E.\} and J. Garc{\'i}a-Bellido and Gardner, \{R. W.\} and R. Gassis and M. Gatti and F. Ge and George, \{E. M.\} and G. Giannini and N. Goeckner-Wald and S. Grandis and D. Gruen and Gruendl, \{R. A.\} and R. Gualtieri and F. Guidi and S. Guns and N. Gupta and G. Gutierrez and Halverson, \{N. W.\} and Hinton, \{S. R.\} and E. Hivon and Holder, \{G. P.\} and Hollowood, \{D. L.\} and Holzapfel, \{W. L.\} and K. Honscheid and Hood, \{J. C.\} and Hrubes, \{J. D.\} and A. Hryciuk and N. Huang and J. Hubmayr and Irwin, \{K. D.\} and James, \{D. J.\} and F. K{\'e}ruzor{\'e} and Khalife, \{A. R.\} and M. Klein and L. Knox and M. Korman and K. Kuehn and Kuo, \{C. L.\} and O. Lahav and Lee, \{A. T.\} and S. Lee and K. Levy and D. Li and M. Lima and Lowitz, \{A. E.\} and A. Lowitz and C. Lu and Guillaume Mahler and A. Maniyar and Marshal, \{J. L.\} and Marshall, \{J. L.\} and Martsen, \{E. S.\} and M. McDonald and McMahon, \{J. J.\} and F. Menanteau and M. Millea and R. Miquel and Mohr, \{J. J.\} and J. Montgomery and J. Myles and Y. Nakato and T. Natoli and Nibarger, \{J. P.\} and Noble, \{G. I.\} and V. Novosad and Ogando, \{R. L.C.\} and Y. Omori and A. Ouellette and S. Padin and Z. Pan and S. Patil and Pereira, \{M. E.S.\} and Phadke, \{K. A.\} and A. Pieres and \{Plazas Malag{\textquoteright}on\}, \{A. A.\} and Pollak, \{A. W.\} and K. Prabhu and C. Pryke and W. Quan and M. Rahimi and A. Rahlin and Reichardt, \{C. L.\} and M. Rodr{\textquoteright}iguez-Monroy and Romer, \{A. K.\} and M. Rouble and Ruhl, \{J. E.\} and Saliwanchik, \{B. R.\} and L. Salvati and S. Samuroff and E. Sanchez and Arnab Sarkar and A. Saro and Schaffer, \{K. K.\} and E. Schiappucci and T. Schrabback and I. Sevilla-Noarbe and C. Sievers and G. Smecher and M. Smith and Sobrin, \{J. A.\} and T. Somboonpanyakul and B. Stalder and Stark, \{A. A.\} and V. Strazzullo and E. Suchyta and Swanson, \{M. E.C.\} and C. Tandoi and G. Tarle and B. Thorne and C. To and C. Trendafilova and C. Tucker and C. Umilta and T. Veach and Vieira, \{J. D.\} and M. Vincenzi and A. Vitrier and Y. Wan and G. Wang and N. Weaverdyck and J. Weller and N. Whitehorn and P. Wiseman and Wu, \{W. L.K.\} and V. Yefremenko and Young, \{M. R.\} and Zebrowski, \{J. A.\} and Y. Zhang",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.",

year = "2026",

month = jun,

day = "10",

doi = "10.3847/1538-4357/ae5f7b",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "1004",

journal = "Astrophysical Journal",

issn = "0004-637X",

publisher = "American Astronomical Society",

number = "1",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - The SPT-deep Cluster Catalog

T2 - Sunyaev–Zel’dovich Selected Clusters from Combined SPT-3G and SPTpol Measurements over 100 Square Degrees

AU - Kornoelje, K.

AU - Bleem, L. E.

AU - Rykoff, E. S.

AU - Abbott, T. M.C.

AU - Ade, P. A.R.

AU - Aguena, M.

AU - Alves, O.

AU - Anderson, A. J.

AU - Oliveira, F. Andrade

AU - Ansarinejad, B.

AU - Archipley, M.

AU - Ashby, M. L.N.

AU - Austermann, J. E.

AU - Bacon, D.

AU - Balkenhol, L.

AU - Bayliss, Matthew B.

AU - Beall, J. A.

AU - Benabed, K.

AU - Bender, A. N.

AU - Benson, B. A.

AU - Bianchini, F.

AU - Bocquet, S.

AU - Bouchet, F. R.

AU - Brooks, D.

AU - Burke, D. L.

AU - Calzadilla, M.

AU - Campitiello, M. G.

AU - Camphuis, E.

AU - Carlstrom, J. E.

AU - Carnero Rosell, A.

AU - Carretero, J.

AU - Chang, C. L.

AU - Chaubal, P.

AU - Chiang, H. C.

AU - Chichura, P. M.

AU - Chokshi, A.

AU - Chou, T. L.

AU - Citron, R.

AU - Coerver, A.

AU - Moran, C. Corbett

AU - Costanzi, M.

AU - Crawford, T. M.

AU - Crites, A. T.

AU - da Costa, L. N.

AU - Daley, C.

AU - de Haan, T.

AU - De Vicente, J.

AU - Desai, S.

AU - Dibert, K. R.

AU - Dobbs, M. A.

AU - Doel, P.

AU - Doohan, M.

AU - Doussot, A.

AU - Dutcher, D.

AU - Everett, W.

AU - Everett, S.

AU - Feng, C.

AU - Ferguson, K. R.

AU - Mena-Fern’andez, J.

AU - Ferrero, I.

AU - Fichman, K.

AU - Flaugher, B.

AU - Floyd, B.

AU - Foster, A.

AU - Friedel, D.

AU - Frieman, J.

AU - Galli, S.

AU - Gallicchio, J.

AU - Gambrel, A. E.

AU - García-Bellido, J.

AU - Gardner, R. W.

AU - Gassis, R.

AU - Gatti, M.

AU - Ge, F.

AU - George, E. M.

AU - Giannini, G.

AU - Goeckner-Wald, N.

AU - Grandis, S.

AU - Gruen, D.

AU - Gruendl, R. A.

AU - Gualtieri, R.

AU - Guidi, F.

AU - Guns, S.

AU - Gupta, N.

AU - Gutierrez, G.

AU - Halverson, N. W.

AU - Hinton, S. R.

AU - Hivon, E.

AU - Holder, G. P.

AU - Hollowood, D. L.

AU - Holzapfel, W. L.

AU - Honscheid, K.

AU - Hood, J. C.

AU - Hrubes, J. D.

AU - Hryciuk, A.

AU - Huang, N.

AU - Hubmayr, J.

AU - Irwin, K. D.

AU - James, D. J.

AU - Kéruzoré, F.

AU - Khalife, A. R.

AU - Klein, M.

AU - Knox, L.

AU - Korman, M.

AU - Kuehn, K.

AU - Kuo, C. L.

AU - Lahav, O.

AU - Lee, A. T.

AU - Lee, S.

AU - Levy, K.

AU - Li, D.

AU - Lima, M.

AU - Lowitz, A. E.

AU - Lowitz, A.

AU - Lu, C.

AU - Mahler, Guillaume

AU - Maniyar, A.

AU - Marshal, J. L.

AU - Marshall, J. L.

AU - Martsen, E. S.

AU - McDonald, M.

AU - McMahon, J. J.

AU - Menanteau, F.

AU - Millea, M.

AU - Miquel, R.

AU - Mohr, J. J.

AU - Montgomery, J.

AU - Myles, J.

AU - Nakato, Y.

AU - Natoli, T.

AU - Nibarger, J. P.

AU - Noble, G. I.

AU - Novosad, V.

AU - Ogando, R. L.C.

AU - Omori, Y.

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N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

PY - 2026/6/10

Y1 - 2026/6/10

N2 - We present a catalog of 500 galaxy cluster candidates in the SPT-Deep field: a 100 deg2 field that combines data from the SPT-3G and SPTpol surveys to reach noise levels of 3.0, 2.2, and 9.0 μK-arcmin at 95, 150, and 220 GHz, respectively. Candidates are selected via the thermal Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) effect with a minimum significance of ξ = 4.0, resulting in a catalog of purity ∼89%. Optical data from the Dark Energy Survey and infrared data from the Spitzer Space Telescope are used to confirm 442 cluster candidates. The clusters span 0.12 < z ≲ 1.8 and 1.0 × 1014M⊙/h70 < M500c < 8.7 × 1014M⊙/h70. The sample’s median redshift is 0.74, and the median mass is 1.7 × 1014M⊙/h70; these are the lowest median mass and highest median redshift of any SZ-selected sample to date. We assess the effect of infrared emission from cluster member galaxies on cluster selection by performing a joint fit to the infrared dust and tSZ signals by combining measurements from SPT and overlapping submillimeter data from Herschel/SPIRE. We find that at high redshift (z > 1), the tSZ signal is reduced by (Formula presented) 17.9−3.2+3.8% ( (Formula presented) 3.8−0.7+0.9% ) at 150 GHz (95 GHz) due to dust contamination. We repeat our cluster finding method on dust-nulled SPT maps and find the resulting catalog is consistent with the nominal SPT-Deep catalog, suggesting dust contamination does not significantly impact the SPT-Deep selection function; we attribute this lack of bias to the inclusion of the SPT 220 GHz band.

AB - We present a catalog of 500 galaxy cluster candidates in the SPT-Deep field: a 100 deg2 field that combines data from the SPT-3G and SPTpol surveys to reach noise levels of 3.0, 2.2, and 9.0 μK-arcmin at 95, 150, and 220 GHz, respectively. Candidates are selected via the thermal Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) effect with a minimum significance of ξ = 4.0, resulting in a catalog of purity ∼89%. Optical data from the Dark Energy Survey and infrared data from the Spitzer Space Telescope are used to confirm 442 cluster candidates. The clusters span 0.12 < z ≲ 1.8 and 1.0 × 1014M⊙/h70 < M500c < 8.7 × 1014M⊙/h70. The sample’s median redshift is 0.74, and the median mass is 1.7 × 1014M⊙/h70; these are the lowest median mass and highest median redshift of any SZ-selected sample to date. We assess the effect of infrared emission from cluster member galaxies on cluster selection by performing a joint fit to the infrared dust and tSZ signals by combining measurements from SPT and overlapping submillimeter data from Herschel/SPIRE. We find that at high redshift (z > 1), the tSZ signal is reduced by (Formula presented) 17.9−3.2+3.8% ( (Formula presented) 3.8−0.7+0.9% ) at 150 GHz (95 GHz) due to dust contamination. We repeat our cluster finding method on dust-nulled SPT maps and find the resulting catalog is consistent with the nominal SPT-Deep catalog, suggesting dust contamination does not significantly impact the SPT-Deep selection function; we attribute this lack of bias to the inclusion of the SPT 220 GHz band.

KW - Galaxy clusters (584)

KW - Large-scale structure of the universe (902)

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105041089658

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105041089658#tab=citedBy

U2 - 10.3847/1538-4357/ae5f7b

DO - 10.3847/1538-4357/ae5f7b

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:105041089658

SN - 0004-637X

VL - 1004

JO - Astrophysical Journal

JF - Astrophysical Journal

IS - 1

M1 - 48

ER -

The SPT-deep Cluster Catalog: Sunyaev–Zel’dovich Selected Clusters from Combined SPT-3G and SPTpol Measurements over 100 Square Degrees

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