The North American tree-ring fire-scar network

Ellis Q. Margolis, Christopher H. Guiterman, Raphaël D. Chavardès, Jonathan D. Coop, Kelsey Copes-Gerbitz, Denyse A. Dawe, Donald A. Falk, James D. Johnston, Evan Larson, Hang Li, Joseph M. Marschall, Cameron E. Naficy, Adam T. Naito, Marc André Parisien, Sean A. Parks, Jeanne Portier, Helen M. Poulos, Kevin M. Robertson, James H. Speer, Michael StambaughThomas W. Swetnam, Alan J. Tepley, Ichchha Thapa, Craig D. Allen, Yves Bergeron, Lori D. Daniels, Peter Z. Fulé, David Gervais, Martin P. Girardin, Grant L. Harley, Jill E. Harvey, Kira M. Hoffman, Jean M. Huffman, Matthew D. Hurteau, Lane B. Johnson, Charles W. Lafon, Manuel K. Lopez, R. Stockton Maxwell, Jed Meunier, Malcolm North, Monica T. Rother, Micah R. Schmidt, Rosemary L. Sherriff, Lauren A. Stachowiak, Alan Taylor, Erana J. Taylor, Valerie Trouet, Miguel L. Villarreal, Larissa L. Yocom, Karen B. Arabas, Alexis H. Arizpe, Dominique Arseneault, Alicia Azpeleta Tarancón, Christopher Baisan, Erica Bigio, Franco Biondi, Gabriel D. Cahalan, Anthony Caprio, Julián Cerano-Paredes, Brandon M. Collins, Daniel C. Dey, Igor Drobyshev, Calvin Farris, M. Adele Fenwick, William Flatley, M. Lisa Floyd, Ze'ev Gedalof, Andres Holz, Lauren F. Howard, David W. Huffman, Jose Iniguez, Kurt F. Kipfmueller, Stanley G. Kitchen, Keith Lombardo, Donald McKenzie, Andrew G. Merschel, Kerry L. Metlen, Jesse Minor, Christopher D. O'Connor, Laura Platt, William J. Platt, Thomas Saladyga, Amanda B. Stan, Scott Stephens, Colleen Sutheimer, Ramzi Touchan, Peter J. Weisberg

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

31 Scopus citations

Abstract

Fire regimes in North American forests are diverse and modern fire records are often too short to capture important patterns, trends, feedbacks, and drivers of variability. Tree-ring fire scars provide valuable perspectives on fire regimes, including centuries-long records of fire year, season, frequency, severity, and size. Here, we introduce the newly compiled North American tree-ring fire-scar network (NAFSN), which contains 2562 sites, >37,000 fire-scarred trees, and covers large parts of North America. We investigate the NAFSN in terms of geography, sample depth, vegetation, topography, climate, and human land use. Fire scars are found in most ecoregions, from boreal forests in northern Alaska and Canada to subtropical forests in southern Florida and Mexico. The network includes 91 tree species, but is dominated by gymnosperms in the genus Pinus. Fire scars are found from sea level to >4000-m elevation and across a range of topographic settings that vary by ecoregion. Multiple regions are densely sampled (e.g., >1000 fire-scarred trees), enabling new spatial analyses such as reconstructions of area burned. To demonstrate the potential of the network, we compared the climate space of the NAFSN to those of modern fires and forests; the NAFSN spans a climate space largely representative of the forested areas in North America, with notable gaps in warmer tropical climates. Modern fires are burning in similar climate spaces as historical fires, but disproportionately in warmer regions compared to the historical record, possibly related to under-sampling of warm subtropical forests or supporting observations of changing fire regimes. The historical influence of Indigenous and non-Indigenous human land use on fire regimes varies in space and time. A 20th century fire deficit associated with human activities is evident in many regions, yet fire regimes characterized by frequent surface fires are still active in some areas (e.g., Mexico and the southeastern United States). These analyses provide a foundation and framework for future studies using the hundreds of thousands of annually- to sub-annually-resolved tree-ring records of fire spanning centuries, which will further advance our understanding of the interactions among fire, climate, topography, vegetation, and humans across North America.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Article numbere4159
JournalEcosphere
Volume13
Issue number7
DOIs
StatePublished - Jul 2022

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
We thank all the researchers, students, technicians, and volunteers that helped with the collection, processing, and dating of millions of tree rings included in the NAFSN. We acknowledge the data contributors to the IMPD and the following people who contributed data to this effort directly or through the FACS project: C. Airey Lauvaux, C. Aoki, J. Bakker, J. Barnes, P. Brown, S. Brown, A. Caprio, D. Carril, J. Cronan, S. Danzer, J. Dewar, J. Donnegan, P. Duffy, R. Everett, J. Farella, D. Hanna, J. Herriges, A. Hessl, E. Heyerdahl, R. Jandt, M. Kaib, M. Kay, E. Kennedy‐Sutherland, J. Kertis, M. Krawchuck, N. Lawrence, J. Littell, R. Loehman, L. Marshall, K. Morino, D. Olson, S. Ortega‐Jimenez, L. Saperstein, L. Shapiro, J. Sibold, E. Silver, P. Simic, C. Skinner, T. Veblen, J. Villanueva‐Diaz, L. Whitehair, E. Whitman, C. Wienk, C. Wright, and R. Wu. We also thank the early pioneers of fire history research, including J. Agee, S. Arno, G. Ashland, S. Barrett, F. Clements, J. Dieterich, R. Guyette, M. Heinselman, E. Johnson, B. Kilgore, R. Laven, A. Leopold, M. Madany, J. McBride, W. Romme, M. Stokes, G. Tande, D. Taylor, H. Weaver, and O. Zackrissen. W. Gross from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration assisted in determining the metadata structure. K. Beeley, B. Gonzales, T. Edwards, K. Fox, and E. Kasten assisted with the data management and compilation. Comments from two anonymous reviewers and P. Brown improved the manuscript. Funding was provided by the U.S. Geological Survey Ecosystems Mission Area Climate Research and Development program. Raphaël D. Chavardès was supported by the International Research Network on Cold Forests and a postdoctoral bursary from the Fonds de Recherche du Québec—Nature et Technologies. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US government.

Funding Information:
We thank all the researchers, students, technicians, and volunteers that helped with the collection, processing, and dating of millions of tree rings included in the NAFSN. We acknowledge the data contributors to the IMPD and the following people who contributed data to this effort directly or through the FACS project: C. Airey Lauvaux, C. Aoki, J. Bakker, J. Barnes, P. Brown, S. Brown, A. Caprio, D. Carril, J. Cronan, S. Danzer, J. Dewar, J. Donnegan, P. Duffy, R. Everett, J. Farella, D. Hanna, J. Herriges, A. Hessl, E. Heyerdahl, R. Jandt, M. Kaib, M. Kay, E. Kennedy-Sutherland, J. Kertis, M. Krawchuck, N. Lawrence, J. Littell, R. Loehman, L. Marshall, K. Morino, D. Olson, S. Ortega-Jimenez, L. Saperstein, L. Shapiro, J. Sibold, E. Silver, P. Simic, C. Skinner, T. Veblen, J. Villanueva-Diaz, L. Whitehair, E. Whitman, C. Wienk, C. Wright, and R. Wu. We also thank the early pioneers of fire history research, including J. Agee, S. Arno, G. Ashland, S. Barrett, F. Clements, J. Dieterich, R. Guyette, M. Heinselman, E. Johnson, B. Kilgore, R. Laven, A. Leopold, M. Madany, J. McBride, W. Romme, M. Stokes, G. Tande, D. Taylor, H. Weaver, and O. Zackrissen. W. Gross from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration assisted in determining the metadata structure. K. Beeley, B. Gonzales, T. Edwards, K. Fox, and E. Kasten assisted with the data management and compilation. Comments from two anonymous reviewers and P. Brown improved the manuscript. Funding was provided by the U.S. Geological Survey Ecosystems Mission Area Climate Research and Development program. Raphaël D. Chavardès was supported by the International Research Network on Cold Forests and a postdoctoral bursary from the Fonds de Recherche du Québec—Nature et Technologies. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US government.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Ecosphere published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Ecological Society of America. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.

Keywords

  • climate
  • dendrochronology
  • fire regime
  • fire scar
  • humans
  • pyrogeography
  • surface fires
  • synthesis
  • topography
  • tree ring
  • wildfire

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