TY - JOUR
T1 - The ghrelin and leptin responses to short-term starvation vs a carbohydrate-free diet in men with type 2 diabetes; A controlled, cross-over design study
AU - Nuttall, frank q
AU - Almokayyad, Rami Mahmoud
AU - Gannon, Mary C
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 The Author(s).
PY - 2016/7/22
Y1 - 2016/7/22
N2 - Background: We recently have reported the 24-hour glucose, insulin and glucagon responses to a 72-hour fast compared to a 72-hour macronutrient-sufficient, carbohydrate-free diet in men with type 2 diabetes. The 72-hour time period was used because it is the time required for the major metabolic adjustments to a lack of food to be instituted. As part of that study, ghrelin and leptin responses were monitored. Methods: Twenty-four-hour total ghrelin and overnight fasting leptin concentrations were determined in males with type 2 diabetes when ingesting a standard, mixed meal diet (control), followed by a carbohydrate-free diet for 72 h or were starved for 72 h, using a crossover design. Results: A rise in ghrelin concentration before and a decrease after meals was present when the standard diet was ingested. However, in contrast to literature reports in normal subjects, a circadian variation was not apparent. Meal related changes were absent with starvation. A carbohydrate-free diet resulted in a daylong decrease in ghrelin. It also resulted in a 19 % decrease in the overnight fasting leptin concentration. Leptin was decreased 54 % with total starvation. Conclusion: Ingestion of a typical mixed-meal diet results in meal-related changes in ghrelin similar to those reported in normal subjects, although the circadian rhythm was not apparent. Except for the lack of meal-related changes, starvation did not change the concentration. A carbohydrate-free, high fat diet resulted in a daylong suppression of ghrelin. The leptin concentration was decreased by both the carbohydrate-free diet and starvation. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01469104.
AB - Background: We recently have reported the 24-hour glucose, insulin and glucagon responses to a 72-hour fast compared to a 72-hour macronutrient-sufficient, carbohydrate-free diet in men with type 2 diabetes. The 72-hour time period was used because it is the time required for the major metabolic adjustments to a lack of food to be instituted. As part of that study, ghrelin and leptin responses were monitored. Methods: Twenty-four-hour total ghrelin and overnight fasting leptin concentrations were determined in males with type 2 diabetes when ingesting a standard, mixed meal diet (control), followed by a carbohydrate-free diet for 72 h or were starved for 72 h, using a crossover design. Results: A rise in ghrelin concentration before and a decrease after meals was present when the standard diet was ingested. However, in contrast to literature reports in normal subjects, a circadian variation was not apparent. Meal related changes were absent with starvation. A carbohydrate-free diet resulted in a daylong decrease in ghrelin. It also resulted in a 19 % decrease in the overnight fasting leptin concentration. Leptin was decreased 54 % with total starvation. Conclusion: Ingestion of a typical mixed-meal diet results in meal-related changes in ghrelin similar to those reported in normal subjects, although the circadian rhythm was not apparent. Except for the lack of meal-related changes, starvation did not change the concentration. A carbohydrate-free, high fat diet resulted in a daylong suppression of ghrelin. The leptin concentration was decreased by both the carbohydrate-free diet and starvation. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01469104.
KW - 24-hour profile
KW - Carbohydrate-free diet
KW - Dietary carbohydrates
KW - Dietary fats
KW - Ghrelin
KW - Leptin
KW - Type 2 diabetes
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84978955249&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84978955249&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1186/s12986-016-0106-x
DO - 10.1186/s12986-016-0106-x
M3 - Article
C2 - 27453716
AN - SCOPUS:84978955249
SN - 1743-7075
VL - 13
JO - Nutrition and Metabolism
JF - Nutrition and Metabolism
IS - 1
M1 - 47
ER -