The Double-Edged Sword: Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Pediatric Leukemia

Leukemia is the most common pediatric cancer, affecting 33% of children globally. Genetic mutations and environmental factors increase the risk of developing pediatric leukemia. Mutations of the genes RUNX1, TP53, and BRCA1 increase risk by disrupting cell differentiation and proliferation and impairing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair. Environmental risk factors (i.e., ionizing radiation, benzene, and pesticides) disrupt DNA replication and cell growth, often leading to genetic mutations. This literature review explores both the genetic and environmental risk factors of pediatric leukemia. We searched peer-reviewed references using Google Scholar. Findings illustrate the interplay between DNA mutations and environmental influences. Specifically, RUNX1 mutations and pesticide exposure, particularly benzene, disrupt DNA replication. Individuals with a RUNX1 mutation are at a higher risk of developing leukemia, particularly if exposed to pesticides, highlighting the impact of environmental factors on the increased risk of leukemia. Researchers and health professionals should consider the interplay between genetic mutations and environmental factors when evaluating the risk of childhood leukemia. Testing children for exposure to environmental factors may allow for early diagnosis and tailored treatment and prevention interventions for children with higher susceptibility to developing leukemia.