The Calm after the Storm: Implications of Sepsis Immunoparalysis on Host Immunity

The immunological hallmarks of sepsis include th inflammation-mediated cytokine storm, apoptosis-drive lymphopenia, and prolonged immunoparalysis. Althoug early clinical efforts were focused on increasing the sur vival of patients through the first phase, studies are no shifting attention to the long-term effects of sepsis o immune fitness in survivors. In particular, the most perti nent task is deciphering how the immune system become suppressed, leading to increased incidence of secondar infections. In this review, we introduce the contributio of numerical changes and functional reprogrammin within innate (NK cells, dendritic cells) and adaptiv (T cells, B cells) immune cells on the chronic immun dysregulation in the septic murine and human host. W briefly discuss how prior immunological experience i murine models impacts sepsis severity, immune dysfunc tion, and clinical relevance. Finally, we dive into ho comorbidities, specifically autoimmunity and cancer, ca influence host susceptibility to sepsis and the associate immune dysfunction.