TY - JOUR
T1 - Temperature-dependent magneto-photoluminescence spectroscopy of carbon nanotubes
T2 - Evidence for dark excitons
AU - Shaver, Johan
AU - Kono, Junichiro
PY - 2007/11
Y1 - 2007/11
N2 - We review recent experimental and theoretical studies on the radiative properties of excitons in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as a function of magnetic field and temperature. These studies not only provide new insight into the fundamental properties of excitons in the ultimate one-dimensional (1D) limit but also reveal new phenomena associated with the unique crystal and electronic structure of SWNTs. During the past several years, SWNTs have emerged as one of the most ideal systems available for the systematic study of 1D excitons, which are predicted to possess a set of properties that are distinctly different from excitons in higher dimensions. In addition, their tubular nature allows them to exhibit non-intuitive quantum phenomena when subjected to a parallel magnetic field, which breaks time reversal symmetry and adds an Aharonov-Bohm phase to the electronic wave-function. In particular, a series of recent experiments demonstrate that such a symmetry-breaking magnetic field can dramatically "brighten" an optically-inactive, or dark, exciton state at low temperature (see the title figure on the right). We show that this phenomenon, magnetic brightening, can be understood as a consequence of interplay between the strong intervalley Coulomb mixing and field-induced lifting of valley degeneracy. Detailed temperature-dependent photoluminescence studies of excitons in SWNTs in a varying magnetic field have thus provided one of the most critical tests for recently proposed theories of 1D excitons taking into account the strong 1D Coulomb interactions and unique band structure on an equal footing. Furthermore, results of these studies suggest the intriguing possibility of manipulating the optical properties of SWNTs by judicious symmetry control, which can lead to novel devices and applications in lasers and optoelectronics. A graph is presented. Photoluminescence (excited at 780 nm, 1.59 eV) intensity of a carbon nanotube film vs. magnetic fields at 5 K. As the magnetic fields is increased, the photoluminescence intensity dramatically increases and the peak positions red-shift. The six excited nanotube species' (n,m) types are indicated.
AB - We review recent experimental and theoretical studies on the radiative properties of excitons in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as a function of magnetic field and temperature. These studies not only provide new insight into the fundamental properties of excitons in the ultimate one-dimensional (1D) limit but also reveal new phenomena associated with the unique crystal and electronic structure of SWNTs. During the past several years, SWNTs have emerged as one of the most ideal systems available for the systematic study of 1D excitons, which are predicted to possess a set of properties that are distinctly different from excitons in higher dimensions. In addition, their tubular nature allows them to exhibit non-intuitive quantum phenomena when subjected to a parallel magnetic field, which breaks time reversal symmetry and adds an Aharonov-Bohm phase to the electronic wave-function. In particular, a series of recent experiments demonstrate that such a symmetry-breaking magnetic field can dramatically "brighten" an optically-inactive, or dark, exciton state at low temperature (see the title figure on the right). We show that this phenomenon, magnetic brightening, can be understood as a consequence of interplay between the strong intervalley Coulomb mixing and field-induced lifting of valley degeneracy. Detailed temperature-dependent photoluminescence studies of excitons in SWNTs in a varying magnetic field have thus provided one of the most critical tests for recently proposed theories of 1D excitons taking into account the strong 1D Coulomb interactions and unique band structure on an equal footing. Furthermore, results of these studies suggest the intriguing possibility of manipulating the optical properties of SWNTs by judicious symmetry control, which can lead to novel devices and applications in lasers and optoelectronics. A graph is presented. Photoluminescence (excited at 780 nm, 1.59 eV) intensity of a carbon nanotube film vs. magnetic fields at 5 K. As the magnetic fields is increased, the photoluminescence intensity dramatically increases and the peak positions red-shift. The six excited nanotube species' (n,m) types are indicated.
KW - Aharonov-Bohm effect
KW - Excitons
KW - Photoluminescence
KW - Single-walled carbon nanotubes
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U2 - 10.1002/lpor.200710018
DO - 10.1002/lpor.200710018
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:37649014255
SN - 1863-8880
VL - 1
SP - 260
EP - 274
JO - Laser and Photonics Reviews
JF - Laser and Photonics Reviews
IS - 3
ER -