Abstract
PURPOSE. To investigate the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations at visit 2 (1990–1992) and the 18-year incidence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) between visit 3 (1993–1995) and visit 5 (2011–2013). METHODS. This prospective analysis was conducted in a subset of participants (n = 1225) from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. We evaluated the incidence of any, early, and late AMD from visit 3 to 5. The 25(OH)D concentrations were assessed in 2012–2013 by using stored serum from visit 2. Retinal fundus photographs taken at both visits were graded side by side to determine the incidence of AMD. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident AMD outcomes during 18 years of follow-up (1993–1995 to 2011–2013) by tertile of 25(OH)D adjusted for age, race, and smoking status. P for linear trend was estimated by using continuous 25(OH)D concentrations. Sensitivity analyses applied inverse probability weights to account for selection to have eye photographs, death, and loss to follow-up. RESULTS. There was a decreased odds of any incident AMD (n = 139) and large, soft drusen (n = 80) in 25(OH)D tertile 3 versus 1, with OR (95% CI) = 0.57 (0.36–0.90), P trend = 0.11 and with 0.52 (0.28–0.93), P trend = 0.18, respectively. Applying sampling weights attenuated these results to 0.66 (0.38–1.16), P trend = 0.32 (any incident AMD) and 0.54 (0.27–1.09), P trend = 0.36 (large, soft drusen), respectively, suggesting these associations may be biased by loss to follow-up and sampling for retinal photographs at visit 5. No statistically significant results were observed with pigmentary abnormalities (n = 46) or incident late AMD (n = 26). CONCLUSIONS. High 25(OH)D concentrations, approximately >70 nM, may be associated with decreased odds of incident early AMD.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 1362-1371 |
Number of pages | 10 |
Journal | Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science |
Volume | 60 |
Issue number | 5 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Apr 2019 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:The authors thank the staff and participants of the ARIC Study for their important contributions. Infrastructure was partly supported by Grant No. UL1RR025005, a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research (Bethesda, MD, USA).
Funding Information:
This work was previously presented as a poster at the Experimental Biology Annual Meeting, San Diego, California, United States, April 2–6, 2016. The authors thank the staff and participants of the ARIC Study for their important contributions. Infrastructure was partly supported by Grant No. UL1RR025005, a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research (Bethesda, MD, USA). Supported by the NIH National Institute on Aging Grant No. R01 AG041776, NIH National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Grant No. R01 HL103706, and the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements Grant No. R01 HL103706-S1 and an unrestricted grant from Research to Prevent Blindness. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study has been funded in whole or in part with federal funds from the NHLBI contracts (contract Nos. HHSN268201700001I, HHSN268201700002I, HHSN268201700003I, HHSN268201700004I, and HHSN268201700005I), R01HL087641, R01HL086694; National Human Genome Research Institute contract U01HG004402; and NIH contract HHSN268200625226C. Infrastructure was partly supported by Grant Number UL1RR025005, a component of the National Institutes of Health and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research. Neurocognitive data are collected by U01 2U01HL096812, 2U01HL096814, 2U01HL096899, 2U01HL096902, 2U01HL096917 from the NIH (NHLBI, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [NINDS], National Institute on Aging [NIA], National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders [NIDCD]), and with previous brain MRI examinations funded by R01-HL70825 from the NHLBI.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 The Authors.
Keywords
- 25-hydroxyvitamin D
- Cohort studies
- Epidemiology
- Macular degeneration
- Retinal diseases
- Vitamin D