Abstract
BACKGROUND: Excess sodium intake can increase blood pressure, and high blood pressure is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Accurate population sodium intake estimates are essential for monitoring progress toward reduction, but data are limited on the amount of sodium consumed from discretionary salt.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare measured sodium intake from salt added at the table with that estimated according to the Healthy People 2020 (HP 2020) methodology.
METHODS: Data were analyzed from the 2014 Salt Sources Study, a cross-sectional convenience sample of 450 white, black, Asian, and Hispanic adults living in Alabama, Minnesota, and California. Sodium intake from foods and beverages was assessed for each participant through the use of 24-h dietary recalls. Estimated sodium intake from salt used at the table was assessed from self-reported frequency and estimated amounts from a previous study (HP 2020 methodology). Measured intake was assessed through the use of duplicate salt samples collected on recall days.
RESULTS: Among all study participants, estimated and measured mean sodium intakes from salt added at the table were similar, with a nonsignificant difference of 8.9 mg/d (95% CI: -36.6, 54.4 mg/d). Among participants who were non-Hispanic Asian, Hispanic, had a bachelor's degree or higher education, lived in California or Minnesota, did not report hypertension, or had normal BMI, estimated mean sodium intake was 77-153 mg/d greater than measured intake (P < 0.05). The estimated mean sodium intake was 186-300 mg/d lower than measured intake among participants who were non-Hispanic black, had a high school degree or less, or reported hypertension (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: The HP 2020 methodology for estimating sodium consumed from salt added at the table may be appropriate for the general US adult population; however, it underestimates intake in certain population subgroups, particularly non-Hispanic black, those with a high school degree or less, or those with self-reported hypertension. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02474693.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 1623-1632 |
| Number of pages | 10 |
| Journal | Journal of Nutrition |
| Volume | 149 |
| Issue number | 9 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Sep 1 2019 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:Funding was provided through a research contract (Broad Agency Announcement) with the CDC (contract no. 200-2012-M-52155). The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the CDC. Additional funding was also provided (to ZSQ) by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (grant no. T32HL130025). Author disclosures: ZSQ, LZ, LJH, CDG, JMS, LMS, CG, AM, and MEC, no conflicts of interest. Present address for ZSQ: Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, GA, USA. Supplemental Figure 1, Supplemental Methods and Supplemental Tables 1 and 2 are available from the “Supplementary data” link in the online posting of the article and from the same link in the online table of contents at https://academ ic.oup.com/jn/. Address correspondence to ZSQ (e-mail: zquader@emory.edu).
Publisher Copyright:
Copyright © American Society for Nutrition 2019.
Keywords
- Healthy People 2020
- NHANES
- discretionary salt
- sodium
- table salt
PubMed: MeSH publication types
- Journal Article
