Abstract
Ecosystem-atmosphere fluxes of 12CO2 and 13CO2 are needed to better understand the impacts of climate and land use change on ecosystem respiration (FR), net ecosystem CO2 exchange (FN), and canopy-scale photosynthetic discrimination (Δ). We combined micrometeorological and stable isotope techniques to quantify isotopic fluxes of 12CO 2 and 13CO2 over a corn-soybean rotation ecosystem in the Upper Midwest United States. Results are reported for a 192-day period during the corn (C4) phase of the 2003 growing season. The isotopomer flux ratio, d13CO2/d12CO 2, was measured continuously using a tunable diode laser (TDL) and gradient technique to quantify the isotope ratios of FR (δR) and FN (δN). Prior to leaf emergence δR was approximately -26‰. It increased rapidly following leaf emergence and reached an average value of -12.5‰ at full canopy. δR decreased to pre-emergence values following senescence. δN also showed strong seasonal variation and during the main growing period averaged -11.6‰. δR and δN values were used in a modified flux partitioning approach to estimate canopy-scale Δ and the isotope ratio of photosynthetically assimilated CO2 (δP) independent of calculating canopy conductance or assuming leaf-scale discrimination factors. The results showed substantial day-to-day variation in Δ with an average value of 4.0‰. This flux-based estimate of Δ was approximately 6‰ lower than the Keeling mixing model estimate and in better agreement with leaf-level observations. These data were used to help constrain and partition FR into its autotrophic (FRa) and heterotrophic (F Rh) components based on the numerical optimization of a mass balance model. On average FRa accounted for 44% of growing season F R and reached a maximum of 59% during peak growth. The isotope ratio of FRh (δRh), was -26‰ prior to leaf emergence, and became increasingly 13C enriched as the canopy developed indicating that recent photosynthate became the dominant substrate for microbial activity. Sensitivity analyses substantiated that FRh had a major influence on the seasonal pattern of δR, δN and the isotopic disequilibrium of the ecosystem. These data and parameter estimates are critical for validating and constraining the parameterization of land surface schemes and inverse models that aim to estimate regional carbon sinks and sources and interpreting changes in the atmospheric signal of δ13CO2.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 1-19 |
| Number of pages | 19 |
| Journal | Agricultural and Forest Meteorology |
| Volume | 132 |
| Issue number | 1-2 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Sep 20 2005 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:This research was supported by the Office of Science (BER), U.S. Department of Energy, Grant No. DE-FG02-03ER63684 (TJG & JMB). Funding for this project was also provided by the University of Minnesota, Grant-in-aid of Research, Artistry and Scholarship (TJG). The authors would like to thank USDA-ARS technicians Bill Breiter, Martin DuSaire, and Mike Dolan, and undergraduate research assistant, Megan Lennon for their dedicated assistance in the field and laboratory. We thank Xuhui Lee at Yale University for recent discussions related to the flux ratio approach and recognize the helpful technical support of Steve Sargent at Campbell Scientific Inc. Finally, we thank two anonymous reviewers for their critical comments and helpful suggestions.
Keywords
- Ecosystem respiration
- Flux partitioning
- Isotopic disequilibrium
- Land use change
- Micrometeorology
- Net ecosystem exchange
- Photosynthetic discrimination
- Stable isotopes