Relationships between personal, indoor, and outdoor exposures to trace elements in PM2.5

John L. Adgate; Steven J Mongin; Gregory C. Pratt; Junfeng Zhang; M. Paul Field; Gurumurthy Ramachandran; Ken Sexton

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.07.007

Relationships between personal, indoor, and outdoor exposures to trace elements in PM_2.5

John L. Adgate, Steven J Mongin, Gregory C. Pratt, Junfeng Zhang, M. Paul Field, Gurumurthy Ramachandran, Ken Sexton

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

55 Scopus citations

Abstract

Twenty-four hour average fine particle concentrations of 23 trace elements (TEs) were measured concurrently in (a) ambient air in three urban neighborhoods (Battle Creek-BCK; East St. Paul-ESP; and Phillips-PHI), (b) air inside residences of participants, and (c) personal air near the breathing zone of healthy, non-smoking adults. The outdoor (O), indoor (I), and personal (P) samples were collected in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area over three seasons (Spring, Summer, Fall) using either the federal reference (O) or inertial impactor (I,P) inlets to collect PM_2.5. In addition to descriptive statistics, a hierarchical, mixed-effects statistical model was used to estimate the mutually adjusted effects of monitor location, community, and season on mean differences between monitoring locations while accounting for within-subject and within-monitoring period correlation. The relationships among P, I, and O concentrations varied across TEs. The O concentrations were usually higher than P or I for elements like Ca and Al that originate mainly from entrained crustal material, while P concentrations were often highest for other elements with non-crustal sources. Unadjusted mixed model results demonstrated that O monitors more frequently underestimated than overestimated P TE exposures for elements associated with non-crustal sources. This finding was true even though the O TE measurements were taken in the same neighborhoods as the P and I measurements. Further adjustment for community or season effects in the mixed models reduced the number of significant O-P and O-I differences compared to unadjusted models, but still indicated a tendency for underestimation of personal and indoor TE exposures by central site monitors, particularly in the PHI community. These results indicate that community and season are important covariates for developing long term TE exposure estimates, and that personal exposure to trace elements in PM_2.5 is likely to be underestimated by outdoor central site monitors.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	21-32
Number of pages	12
Journal	Science of the Total Environment
Volume	386
Issue number	1-3
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.07.007
State	Published - Nov 1 2007

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This research was funded by a STAR (Science to Achieve Results) Grant (R827928) from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Research. We also benefited from a grant from the Academic Health Center at the University of Minnesota. We thank the individuals who participated in the study and acknowledge the contributions of the field team. The help and support provided by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency was essential to the success of this project.

Keywords

Exposure assessment
Fine particulate matter
Trace metals

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.07.007

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title = "Relationships between personal, indoor, and outdoor exposures to trace elements in PM2.5",

abstract = "Twenty-four hour average fine particle concentrations of 23 trace elements (TEs) were measured concurrently in (a) ambient air in three urban neighborhoods (Battle Creek-BCK; East St. Paul-ESP; and Phillips-PHI), (b) air inside residences of participants, and (c) personal air near the breathing zone of healthy, non-smoking adults. The outdoor (O), indoor (I), and personal (P) samples were collected in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area over three seasons (Spring, Summer, Fall) using either the federal reference (O) or inertial impactor (I,P) inlets to collect PM2.5. In addition to descriptive statistics, a hierarchical, mixed-effects statistical model was used to estimate the mutually adjusted effects of monitor location, community, and season on mean differences between monitoring locations while accounting for within-subject and within-monitoring period correlation. The relationships among P, I, and O concentrations varied across TEs. The O concentrations were usually higher than P or I for elements like Ca and Al that originate mainly from entrained crustal material, while P concentrations were often highest for other elements with non-crustal sources. Unadjusted mixed model results demonstrated that O monitors more frequently underestimated than overestimated P TE exposures for elements associated with non-crustal sources. This finding was true even though the O TE measurements were taken in the same neighborhoods as the P and I measurements. Further adjustment for community or season effects in the mixed models reduced the number of significant O-P and O-I differences compared to unadjusted models, but still indicated a tendency for underestimation of personal and indoor TE exposures by central site monitors, particularly in the PHI community. These results indicate that community and season are important covariates for developing long term TE exposure estimates, and that personal exposure to trace elements in PM2.5 is likely to be underestimated by outdoor central site monitors.",

keywords = "Exposure assessment, Fine particulate matter, Trace metals",

author = "Adgate, {John L.} and Mongin, {Steven J} and Pratt, {Gregory C.} and Junfeng Zhang and Field, {M. Paul} and Gurumurthy Ramachandran and Ken Sexton",

note = "Funding Information: This research was funded by a STAR (Science to Achieve Results) Grant (R827928) from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Research. We also benefited from a grant from the Academic Health Center at the University of Minnesota. We thank the individuals who participated in the study and acknowledge the contributions of the field team. The help and support provided by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency was essential to the success of this project. ",

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AU - Adgate, John L.

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AU - Field, M. Paul

AU - Ramachandran, Gurumurthy

AU - Sexton, Ken

N1 - Funding Information: This research was funded by a STAR (Science to Achieve Results) Grant (R827928) from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Research. We also benefited from a grant from the Academic Health Center at the University of Minnesota. We thank the individuals who participated in the study and acknowledge the contributions of the field team. The help and support provided by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency was essential to the success of this project.

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N2 - Twenty-four hour average fine particle concentrations of 23 trace elements (TEs) were measured concurrently in (a) ambient air in three urban neighborhoods (Battle Creek-BCK; East St. Paul-ESP; and Phillips-PHI), (b) air inside residences of participants, and (c) personal air near the breathing zone of healthy, non-smoking adults. The outdoor (O), indoor (I), and personal (P) samples were collected in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area over three seasons (Spring, Summer, Fall) using either the federal reference (O) or inertial impactor (I,P) inlets to collect PM2.5. In addition to descriptive statistics, a hierarchical, mixed-effects statistical model was used to estimate the mutually adjusted effects of monitor location, community, and season on mean differences between monitoring locations while accounting for within-subject and within-monitoring period correlation. The relationships among P, I, and O concentrations varied across TEs. The O concentrations were usually higher than P or I for elements like Ca and Al that originate mainly from entrained crustal material, while P concentrations were often highest for other elements with non-crustal sources. Unadjusted mixed model results demonstrated that O monitors more frequently underestimated than overestimated P TE exposures for elements associated with non-crustal sources. This finding was true even though the O TE measurements were taken in the same neighborhoods as the P and I measurements. Further adjustment for community or season effects in the mixed models reduced the number of significant O-P and O-I differences compared to unadjusted models, but still indicated a tendency for underestimation of personal and indoor TE exposures by central site monitors, particularly in the PHI community. These results indicate that community and season are important covariates for developing long term TE exposure estimates, and that personal exposure to trace elements in PM2.5 is likely to be underestimated by outdoor central site monitors.

AB - Twenty-four hour average fine particle concentrations of 23 trace elements (TEs) were measured concurrently in (a) ambient air in three urban neighborhoods (Battle Creek-BCK; East St. Paul-ESP; and Phillips-PHI), (b) air inside residences of participants, and (c) personal air near the breathing zone of healthy, non-smoking adults. The outdoor (O), indoor (I), and personal (P) samples were collected in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area over three seasons (Spring, Summer, Fall) using either the federal reference (O) or inertial impactor (I,P) inlets to collect PM2.5. In addition to descriptive statistics, a hierarchical, mixed-effects statistical model was used to estimate the mutually adjusted effects of monitor location, community, and season on mean differences between monitoring locations while accounting for within-subject and within-monitoring period correlation. The relationships among P, I, and O concentrations varied across TEs. The O concentrations were usually higher than P or I for elements like Ca and Al that originate mainly from entrained crustal material, while P concentrations were often highest for other elements with non-crustal sources. Unadjusted mixed model results demonstrated that O monitors more frequently underestimated than overestimated P TE exposures for elements associated with non-crustal sources. This finding was true even though the O TE measurements were taken in the same neighborhoods as the P and I measurements. Further adjustment for community or season effects in the mixed models reduced the number of significant O-P and O-I differences compared to unadjusted models, but still indicated a tendency for underestimation of personal and indoor TE exposures by central site monitors, particularly in the PHI community. These results indicate that community and season are important covariates for developing long term TE exposure estimates, and that personal exposure to trace elements in PM2.5 is likely to be underestimated by outdoor central site monitors.

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