Rate-independent characteristics of an arthroscopically implantable force probe in the human achilles tendon

The effect of loading rate on specimen calibration was investigated for an implantable force sensor of the two-point loading variety. This variety of sensor incorporates a strain gage to measure the compressive load applied to the sensor due to tensile loading in a soft tissue specimen. The Achilles tendon in each of four human cadaveric lower extremities was instrumented with a force sensor and then loaded in tension using a materials testing machine. Each specimen was tensile tested at three different displacement rates, 0.25, 2.5 and 12.7 cm s^-1, corresponding with mean loading rates of 33.8, 513.2, and 2838.6 N s^-1, respectively. A calibration curve relating the force sensor signal and applied tendon tension was generated for each specimen/displacement rate combination. For each specimen, calibration curves were compared by calculating an RMS error for the entire data set (ε(RMS) = 1.6% of the full toad value) and a coefficient of determination, R², of a curve fit through all of the data (R² = 99.6%). Over the range of rates tested, no measurable change in sensor sensitivity due to loading rate was observed. Hysteresis for all displacement rates was on the order of 2.4%.