Predictors of Functional Decline Among Critically Ill Surgical Patients: A National Analysis

Introduction: Functional decline is associated with critical illness, though this relationship in surgical patients is unclear. This study aims to characterize functional decline after intensive care unit (ICU) admission among surgical patients. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of surgical patients admitted to the ICU in the Cerner Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation database, which includes 236 hospitals, from 2007 to 2017. Patients with and without functional decline were compared. Predictors of decline were modeled. Results: A total of 52,838 patients were included; 19,310 (36.5%) experienced a functional decline. Median ages of the decline and nondecline groups were 69 (interquartile range 59-78) and 63 (interquartile range 52-72) years, respectively (P < 0.01). The nondecline group had a larger proportion of males (59.1% versus 55.3% in the decline group, P < 0.01). After controlling for sociodemographic covariates, comorbidities, and disease severity upon ICU admission, patients undergoing pulmonary (odds ratio [OR] 6.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.67-16.02), musculoskeletal (OR 4.13, CI 3.51-4.87), neurological (OR 2.67, CI 2.39-2.98), gastrointestinal (OR 1.61, CI 1.38-1.88), and skin and soft tissue (OR 1.35, CI 1.08-1.68) compared to cardiovascular surgeries had increased odds of decline. Conclusions: More than one in three critically ill surgical patients experienced a functional decline. Pulmonary, musculoskeletal, and neurological procedures conferred the greatest risk. Additional resources should be targeted toward the rehabilitation of these patients.