Pre-supernova Alert System for Super-Kamiokande

L. N. Machado; K. Abe; Y. Hayato; K. Hiraide; K. Ieki; M. Ikeda; J. Kameda; Y. Kanemura; R. Kaneshima; Y. Kashiwagi; Y. Kataoka; S. Miki; S. Mine; M. Miura; S. Moriyama; Y. Nakano; M. Nakahata; S. Nakayama; Y. Noguchi; K. Okamoto; K. Sato; H. Sekiya; H. Shiba; K. Shimizu; M. Shiozawa; Y. Sonoda; Y. Suzuki; A. Takeda; Y. Takemoto; A. Takenaka; H. Tanaka; S. Watanabe; T. Yano; P. De Perio; K. Martens; M. R. Vagins; J. Bian; N. J. Griskevich; W. R. Kropp; S. Locke; M. B. Smy; H. W. Sobel; V. Takhistov; A. Yankelevich; S. Han; T. Kajita; K. Okumura; T. Tashiro; T. Tomiya; X. Wang; J. Xia; S. Yoshida; G. D. Megias; P. Fernandez; L. Labarga; N. Ospina; B. Zaldivar; B. W. Pointon; R. Akutsu; V. Gousy-Leblanc; M. Hartz; A. Konaka; N. W. Prouse; E. Kearns; J. L. Raaf; L. Wan; T. Wester; J. Hill; J. Y. Kim; I. T. Lim; R. G. Park; B. Bodur; K. Scholberg; C. W. Walter; L. Bernard; A. Coffani; O. Drapier; S. El Hedri; A. Giampaolo; Th A. Mueller; A. D. Santos; P. Paganini; B. Quilain; T. Ishizuka; T. Nakamura; J. S. Jang; J. G. Learned; S. Cao; K. Choi; L. H.V. Anthony; D. Martin; M. Scott; A. A. Sztuc; Y. Uchida; V. Berardi; M. G. Catanesi; E. Radicioni; N. F. Calabria; G. De Rosa; G. Collazuol; F. Iacob; M. Lamoureux; M. Mattiazzi; L. Ludovici; M. Gonin; G. Pronost; C. Fujisawa; Y. Maekawa; Y. Nishimura; R. Sasaki; M. Friend; T. Hasegawa; T. Ishida; M. Jakkapu; T. Kobayashi; T. Matsubara; T. Nakadaira; K. Nakamura; Y. Oyama; K. Sakashita; T. Sekiguchi; T. Tsukamoto; T. Boschi; F. Di Lodovico; J. Gao; A. Goldsack; T. Katori; J. Migenda; M. Taani; S. Zsoldos; Y. Kotsar; H. Ozaki; A. T. Suzuki; Y. Takeuchi; S. Yaamoto; C. Bronner; J. Feng; T. Kikawa; M. Mori; T. Nakaya; R. A. Wendell; K. Yasutome; S. J. Jenkins; N. McCauley; P. Mehta; K. M. Tsui; Y. Fukuda; Y. Itow; H. Menjo; K. Ninomiya; J. Lagoda; S. M. Lakshmi; M. Mandal; P. Mijakowski; Y. S. Prabhu; J. Zalipska; M. Jia; J. Jiang; C. K. Jung; M. J. Wilking; C. Yanagisawa; M. Harada; H. Ishino; S. Ito; H. Kitagawa; Y. Koshio; W. Ma; F. Nakanishi; S. Sakai; G. Barr; D. Barrow; L. Cook; S. Samani; D. Wark; F. Nova; J. Y. Yang; M. Malek; J. M. McElwee; O. Stone; M. D. Thiesse; L. F. Thompson; H. Okazawa; S. B. Kim; J. W. Seo; I. Yu; A. K. Ichikawa; K. D. Nakamura; S. Tairafune; K. Nishijima; K. Iwamoto; K. Nakagiri; Y. Nakajima; N. Taniuchi; M. Yokoyama; S. Izumiyama; M. Kuze; M. Inomoto; M. Ishitsuka; H. Ito; T. Kinoshita; R. Matsumoto; Y. Ommura; N. Shigeta; M. Shinoki; T. Suganuma; M. Yonenaga; J. F. Martin; H. A. Tanaka; T. Towstego; S. Chen; B. D. Xu; B. Zhang; M. Posiadala-Zezula; D. Hadley; M. Nicholson; M. O'Flaherty; B. Richards; A. Ali; B. Jamieson; Ll Marti; A. Minamino; G. Pintaudi; S. Sano; S. Suzuki; K. Wada

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac7f9c

Pre-supernova Alert System for Super-Kamiokande

L. N. Machado, K. Abe, Y. Hayato, K. Hiraide, K. Ieki, M. Ikeda, J. Kameda, Y. Kanemura, R. Kaneshima, Y. Kashiwagi, Y. Kataoka, S. Miki, S. Mine, M. Miura, S. Moriyama, Y. Nakano, M. Nakahata, S. Nakayama, Y. Noguchi, K. OkamotoK. Sato, H. Sekiya, H. Shiba, K. Shimizu, M. Shiozawa, Y. Sonoda, Y. Suzuki, A. Takeda, Y. Takemoto, A. Takenaka, H. Tanaka, S. Watanabe, T. Yano, P. De Perio, K. Martens, M. R. Vagins, J. Bian, N. J. Griskevich, W. R. Kropp, S. Locke, M. B. Smy, H. W. Sobel, V. Takhistov, A. Yankelevich, S. Han, T. Kajita, K. Okumura, T. Tashiro, T. Tomiya, X. Wang, J. Xia, S. Yoshida, G. D. Megias, P. Fernandez, L. Labarga, N. Ospina, B. Zaldivar, B. W. Pointon, R. Akutsu, V. Gousy-Leblanc, M. Hartz, A. Konaka, N. W. Prouse, E. Kearns, J. L. Raaf, L. Wan, T. Wester, J. Hill, J. Y. Kim, I. T. Lim, R. G. Park, B. Bodur, K. Scholberg, C. W. Walter, L. Bernard, A. Coffani, O. Drapier, S. El Hedri, A. Giampaolo, Th A. Mueller, A. D. Santos, P. Paganini, B. Quilain, T. Ishizuka, T. Nakamura, J. S. Jang, J. G. Learned, S. Cao, K. Choi, L. H.V. Anthony, D. Martin, M. Scott, A. A. Sztuc, Y. Uchida, V. Berardi, M. G. Catanesi, E. Radicioni, N. F. Calabria, G. De Rosa, G. Collazuol, F. Iacob, M. Lamoureux, M. Mattiazzi, L. Ludovici, M. Gonin, G. Pronost, C. Fujisawa, Y. Maekawa, Y. Nishimura, R. Sasaki, M. Friend, T. Hasegawa, T. Ishida, M. Jakkapu, T. Kobayashi, T. Matsubara, T. Nakadaira, K. Nakamura, Y. Oyama, K. Sakashita, T. Sekiguchi, T. Tsukamoto, T. Boschi, F. Di Lodovico, J. Gao, A. Goldsack, T. Katori, J. Migenda, M. Taani, S. Zsoldos, Y. Kotsar, H. Ozaki, A. T. Suzuki, Y. Takeuchi, S. Yaamoto, C. Bronner, J. Feng, T. Kikawa, M. Mori, T. Nakaya, R. A. Wendell, K. Yasutome, S. J. Jenkins, N. McCauley, P. Mehta, K. M. Tsui, Y. Fukuda, Y. Itow, H. Menjo, K. Ninomiya, J. Lagoda, S. M. Lakshmi, M. Mandal, P. Mijakowski, Y. S. Prabhu, J. Zalipska, M. Jia, J. Jiang, C. K. Jung, M. J. Wilking, C. Yanagisawa, M. Harada, H. Ishino, S. Ito, H. Kitagawa, Y. Koshio, W. Ma, F. Nakanishi, S. Sakai, G. Barr, D. Barrow, L. Cook, S. Samani, D. Wark, F. Nova, J. Y. Yang, M. Malek, J. M. McElwee, O. Stone, M. D. Thiesse, L. F. Thompson, H. Okazawa, S. B. Kim, J. W. Seo, I. Yu, A. K. Ichikawa, K. D. Nakamura, S. Tairafune, K. Nishijima, K. Iwamoto, K. Nakagiri, Y. Nakajima, N. Taniuchi, M. Yokoyama, S. Izumiyama, M. Kuze, M. Inomoto, M. Ishitsuka, H. Ito, T. Kinoshita, R. Matsumoto, Y. Ommura, N. Shigeta, M. Shinoki, T. Suganuma, M. Yonenaga, J. F. Martin, H. A. Tanaka, T. Towstego, S. Chen, B. D. Xu, B. Zhang, M. Posiadala-Zezula, D. Hadley, M. Nicholson, M. O'Flaherty, B. Richards, A. Ali, B. Jamieson, Ll Marti, A. Minamino, G. Pintaudi, S. Sano, S. Suzuki, K. Wada

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

1 Scopus citations

Abstract

In 2020, the Super-Kamiokande (SK) experiment moved to a new stage (SK-Gd) in which gadolinium (Gd) sulfate octahydrate was added to the water in the detector, enhancing the efficiency to detect thermal neutrons and consequently improving the sensitivity to low energy electron anti-neutrinos from inverse beta decay (IBD) interactions. SK-Gd has the potential to provide early alerts of incipient core-collapse supernovae through detection of electron anti-neutrinos from thermal and nuclear processes responsible for the cooling of massive stars before the gravitational collapse of their cores. These pre-supernova neutrinos emitted during the silicon burning phase can exceed the energy threshold for IBD reactions. We present the sensitivity of SK-Gd to pre-supernova stars and the techniques used for the development of a pre-supernova alarm based on the detection of these neutrinos in SK, as well as prospects for future SK-Gd phases with higher concentrations of Gd. For the current SK-Gd phase, high-confidence alerts for Betelgeuse could be issued up to 9 hr in advance of the core collapse itself.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	40
Journal	Astrophysical Journal
Volume	935
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac7f9c
State	Published - Aug 1 2022
Externally published	Yes

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
We gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of the Kamioka Mining and Smelting Company. The SK experiment has been built and operated with funding by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; the U.S. Department of Energy; and the U.S. National Science Foundation. Some of us have been supported by funds from the National Research Foundation of Korea NRF-2009-0083526 (KNRC) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning and the Ministry of Education (2018R1D1A1B07049158, 2021R1I1A1A01059559); the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grants No. 11620101004; the Spanish Ministry of Science, Universities and Innovation (grant PGC2018-099388-B-I00); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada; the Scinet and Westgrid consortia of Compute Canada; the National Science Centre (UMO-2018/30/E/ST2/00441) and the Ministry of Education and Science (DIR/WK/2017/05), Poland; the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) and GridPPP, UK; the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no.754496, H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 JENNIFER2 grant agreement No. 822070, and H2020-MSCA-RISE-2019 SK2HK grant agreement No. 872549.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.

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10.3847/1538-4357/ac7f9c

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Machado, L. N., Abe, K., Hayato, Y., Hiraide, K., Ieki, K., Ikeda, M., Kameda, J., Kanemura, Y., Kaneshima, R., Kashiwagi, Y., Kataoka, Y., Miki, S., Mine, S., Miura, M., Moriyama, S., Nakano, Y., Nakahata, M., Nakayama, S., Noguchi, Y., ... Wada, K. (2022). Pre-supernova Alert System for Super-Kamiokande. Astrophysical Journal, 935(1), Article 40. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac7f9c

Machado, LN, Abe, K, Hayato, Y, Hiraide, K, Ieki, K, Ikeda, M, Kameda, J, Kanemura, Y, Kaneshima, R, Kashiwagi, Y, Kataoka, Y, Miki, S, Mine, S, Miura, M, Moriyama, S, Nakano, Y, Nakahata, M, Nakayama, S, Noguchi, Y, Okamoto, K, Sato, K, Sekiya, H, Shiba, H, Shimizu, K, Shiozawa, M, Sonoda, Y, Suzuki, Y, Takeda, A, Takemoto, Y, Takenaka, A, Tanaka, H, Watanabe, S, Yano, T, De Perio, P, Martens, K, Vagins, MR, Bian, J, Griskevich, NJ, Kropp, WR, Locke, S, Smy, MB, Sobel, HW, Takhistov, V, Yankelevich, A, Han, S, Kajita, T, Okumura, K, Tashiro, T, Tomiya, T, Wang, X, Xia, J, Yoshida, S, Megias, GD, Fernandez, P, Labarga, L, Ospina, N, Zaldivar, B, Pointon, BW, Akutsu, R, Gousy-Leblanc, V, Hartz, M, Konaka, A, Prouse, NW, Kearns, E, Raaf, JL, Wan, L, Wester, T, Hill, J, Kim, JY, Lim, IT, Park, RG, Bodur, B, Scholberg, K, Walter, CW, Bernard, L, Coffani, A, Drapier, O, El Hedri, S, Giampaolo, A, Mueller, TA, Santos, AD, Paganini, P, Quilain, B, Ishizuka, T, Nakamura, T, Jang, JS, Learned, JG, Cao, S, Choi, K, Anthony, LHV, Martin, D, Scott, M, Sztuc, AA, Uchida, Y, Berardi, V, Catanesi, MG, Radicioni, E, Calabria, NF, De Rosa, G, Collazuol, G, Iacob, F, Lamoureux, M, Mattiazzi, M, Ludovici, L, Gonin, M, Pronost, G, Fujisawa, C, Maekawa, Y, Nishimura, Y, Sasaki, R, Friend, M, Hasegawa, T, Ishida, T, Jakkapu, M, Kobayashi, T, Matsubara, T, Nakadaira, T, Nakamura, K, Oyama, Y, Sakashita, K, Sekiguchi, T, Tsukamoto, T, Boschi, T, Di Lodovico, F, Gao, J, Goldsack, A, Katori, T, Migenda, J, Taani, M, Zsoldos, S, Kotsar, Y, Ozaki, H, Suzuki, AT, Takeuchi, Y, Yaamoto, S, Bronner, C, Feng, J, Kikawa, T, Mori, M, Nakaya, T, Wendell, RA, Yasutome, K, Jenkins, SJ, McCauley, N, Mehta, P, Tsui, KM, Fukuda, Y, Itow, Y, Menjo, H, Ninomiya, K, Lagoda, J, Lakshmi, SM, Mandal, M, Mijakowski, P, Prabhu, YS, Zalipska, J, Jia, M, Jiang, J, Jung, CK, Wilking, MJ, Yanagisawa, C, Harada, M, Ishino, H, Ito, S, Kitagawa, H, Koshio, Y, Ma, W, Nakanishi, F, Sakai, S, Barr, G, Barrow, D, Cook, L, Samani, S, Wark, D, Nova, F, Yang, JY, Malek, M, McElwee, JM, Stone, O, Thiesse, MD, Thompson, LF, Okazawa, H, Kim, SB, Seo, JW, Yu, I, Ichikawa, AK, Nakamura, KD, Tairafune, S, Nishijima, K, Iwamoto, K, Nakagiri, K, Nakajima, Y, Taniuchi, N, Yokoyama, M, Izumiyama, S, Kuze, M, Inomoto, M, Ishitsuka, M, Ito, H, Kinoshita, T, Matsumoto, R, Ommura, Y, Shigeta, N, Shinoki, M, Suganuma, T, Yonenaga, M, Martin, JF, Tanaka, HA, Towstego, T, Chen, S, Xu, BD, Zhang, B, Posiadala-Zezula, M, Hadley, D, Nicholson, M, O'Flaherty, M, Richards, B, Ali, A, Jamieson, B, Marti, L, Minamino, A, Pintaudi, G, Sano, S, Suzuki, S & Wada, K 2022, 'Pre-supernova Alert System for Super-Kamiokande', Astrophysical Journal, vol. 935, no. 1, 40. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac7f9c

@article{6e72a6e6b5274a399115f32d015bf85d,

title = "Pre-supernova Alert System for Super-Kamiokande",

abstract = "In 2020, the Super-Kamiokande (SK) experiment moved to a new stage (SK-Gd) in which gadolinium (Gd) sulfate octahydrate was added to the water in the detector, enhancing the efficiency to detect thermal neutrons and consequently improving the sensitivity to low energy electron anti-neutrinos from inverse beta decay (IBD) interactions. SK-Gd has the potential to provide early alerts of incipient core-collapse supernovae through detection of electron anti-neutrinos from thermal and nuclear processes responsible for the cooling of massive stars before the gravitational collapse of their cores. These pre-supernova neutrinos emitted during the silicon burning phase can exceed the energy threshold for IBD reactions. We present the sensitivity of SK-Gd to pre-supernova stars and the techniques used for the development of a pre-supernova alarm based on the detection of these neutrinos in SK, as well as prospects for future SK-Gd phases with higher concentrations of Gd. For the current SK-Gd phase, high-confidence alerts for Betelgeuse could be issued up to 9 hr in advance of the core collapse itself.",

author = "Machado, {L. N.} and K. Abe and Y. Hayato and K. Hiraide and K. Ieki and M. Ikeda and J. Kameda and Y. Kanemura and R. Kaneshima and Y. Kashiwagi and Y. Kataoka and S. Miki and S. Mine and M. Miura and S. Moriyama and Y. Nakano and M. Nakahata and S. Nakayama and Y. Noguchi and K. Okamoto and K. Sato and H. Sekiya and H. Shiba and K. Shimizu and M. Shiozawa and Y. Sonoda and Y. Suzuki and A. Takeda and Y. Takemoto and A. Takenaka and H. Tanaka and S. Watanabe and T. Yano and {De Perio}, P. and K. Martens and Vagins, {M. R.} and J. Bian and Griskevich, {N. J.} and Kropp, {W. R.} and S. Locke and Smy, {M. B.} and Sobel, {H. W.} and V. Takhistov and A. Yankelevich and S. Han and T. Kajita and K. Okumura and T. Tashiro and T. Tomiya and X. Wang and J. Xia and S. Yoshida and Megias, {G. D.} and P. Fernandez and L. Labarga and N. Ospina and B. Zaldivar and Pointon, {B. W.} and R. Akutsu and V. Gousy-Leblanc and M. Hartz and A. Konaka and Prouse, {N. W.} and E. Kearns and Raaf, {J. L.} and L. Wan and T. Wester and J. Hill and Kim, {J. Y.} and Lim, {I. T.} and Park, {R. G.} and B. Bodur and K. Scholberg and Walter, {C. W.} and L. Bernard and A. Coffani and O. Drapier and {El Hedri}, S. and A. Giampaolo and Mueller, {Th A.} and Santos, {A. D.} and P. Paganini and B. Quilain and T. Ishizuka and T. Nakamura and Jang, {J. S.} and Learned, {J. G.} and S. Cao and K. Choi and Anthony, {L. H.V.} and D. Martin and M. Scott and Sztuc, {A. A.} and Y. Uchida and V. Berardi and Catanesi, {M. G.} and E. Radicioni and Calabria, {N. F.} and {De Rosa}, G. and G. Collazuol and F. Iacob and M. Lamoureux and M. Mattiazzi and L. Ludovici and M. Gonin and G. Pronost and C. Fujisawa and Y. Maekawa and Y. Nishimura and R. Sasaki and M. Friend and T. Hasegawa and T. Ishida and M. Jakkapu and T. Kobayashi and T. Matsubara and T. Nakadaira and K. Nakamura and Y. Oyama and K. Sakashita and T. Sekiguchi and T. Tsukamoto and T. Boschi and {Di Lodovico}, F. and J. Gao and A. Goldsack and T. Katori and J. Migenda and M. Taani and S. Zsoldos and Y. Kotsar and H. Ozaki and Suzuki, {A. T.} and Y. Takeuchi and S. Yaamoto and C. Bronner and J. Feng and T. Kikawa and M. Mori and T. Nakaya and Wendell, {R. A.} and K. Yasutome and Jenkins, {S. J.} and N. McCauley and P. Mehta and Tsui, {K. M.} and Y. Fukuda and Y. Itow and H. Menjo and K. Ninomiya and J. Lagoda and Lakshmi, {S. M.} and M. Mandal and P. Mijakowski and Prabhu, {Y. S.} and J. Zalipska and M. Jia and J. Jiang and Jung, {C. K.} and Wilking, {M. J.} and C. Yanagisawa and M. Harada and H. Ishino and S. Ito and H. Kitagawa and Y. Koshio and W. Ma and F. Nakanishi and S. Sakai and G. Barr and D. Barrow and L. Cook and S. Samani and D. Wark and F. Nova and Yang, {J. Y.} and M. Malek and McElwee, {J. M.} and O. Stone and Thiesse, {M. D.} and Thompson, {L. F.} and H. Okazawa and Kim, {S. B.} and Seo, {J. W.} and I. Yu and Ichikawa, {A. K.} and Nakamura, {K. D.} and S. Tairafune and K. Nishijima and K. Iwamoto and K. Nakagiri and Y. Nakajima and N. Taniuchi and M. Yokoyama and S. Izumiyama and M. Kuze and M. Inomoto and M. Ishitsuka and H. Ito and T. Kinoshita and R. Matsumoto and Y. Ommura and N. Shigeta and M. Shinoki and T. Suganuma and M. Yonenaga and Martin, {J. F.} and Tanaka, {H. A.} and T. Towstego and S. Chen and Xu, {B. D.} and B. Zhang and M. Posiadala-Zezula and D. Hadley and M. Nicholson and M. O'Flaherty and B. Richards and A. Ali and B. Jamieson and Ll Marti and A. Minamino and G. Pintaudi and S. Sano and S. Suzuki and K. Wada",

note = "Funding Information: We gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of the Kamioka Mining and Smelting Company. The SK experiment has been built and operated with funding by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; the U.S. Department of Energy; and the U.S. National Science Foundation. Some of us have been supported by funds from the National Research Foundation of Korea NRF-2009-0083526 (KNRC) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning and the Ministry of Education (2018R1D1A1B07049158, 2021R1I1A1A01059559); the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grants No. 11620101004; the Spanish Ministry of Science, Universities and Innovation (grant PGC2018-099388-B-I00); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada; the Scinet and Westgrid consortia of Compute Canada; the National Science Centre (UMO-2018/30/E/ST2/00441) and the Ministry of Education and Science (DIR/WK/2017/05), Poland; the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) and GridPPP, UK; the European Union{\textquoteright}s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no.754496, H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 JENNIFER2 grant agreement No. 822070, and H2020-MSCA-RISE-2019 SK2HK grant agreement No. 872549. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.",

year = "2022",

month = aug,

day = "1",

doi = "10.3847/1538-4357/ac7f9c",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "935",

journal = "Astrophysical Journal",

issn = "0004-637X",

publisher = "IOP Publishing Ltd.",

number = "1",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Pre-supernova Alert System for Super-Kamiokande

AU - Machado, L. N.

AU - Abe, K.

AU - Hayato, Y.

AU - Hiraide, K.

AU - Ieki, K.

AU - Ikeda, M.

AU - Kameda, J.

AU - Kanemura, Y.

AU - Kaneshima, R.

AU - Kashiwagi, Y.

AU - Kataoka, Y.

AU - Miki, S.

AU - Mine, S.

AU - Miura, M.

AU - Moriyama, S.

AU - Nakano, Y.

AU - Nakahata, M.

AU - Nakayama, S.

AU - Noguchi, Y.

AU - Okamoto, K.

AU - Sato, K.

AU - Sekiya, H.

AU - Shiba, H.

AU - Shimizu, K.

AU - Shiozawa, M.

AU - Sonoda, Y.

AU - Suzuki, Y.

AU - Takeda, A.

AU - Takemoto, Y.

AU - Takenaka, A.

AU - Tanaka, H.

AU - Watanabe, S.

AU - Yano, T.

AU - De Perio, P.

AU - Martens, K.

AU - Vagins, M. R.

AU - Bian, J.

AU - Griskevich, N. J.

AU - Kropp, W. R.

AU - Locke, S.

AU - Smy, M. B.

AU - Sobel, H. W.

AU - Takhistov, V.

AU - Yankelevich, A.

AU - Han, S.

AU - Kajita, T.

AU - Okumura, K.

AU - Tashiro, T.

AU - Tomiya, T.

AU - Wang, X.

AU - Xia, J.

AU - Yoshida, S.

AU - Megias, G. D.

AU - Fernandez, P.

AU - Labarga, L.

AU - Ospina, N.

AU - Zaldivar, B.

AU - Pointon, B. W.

AU - Akutsu, R.

AU - Gousy-Leblanc, V.

AU - Hartz, M.

AU - Konaka, A.

AU - Prouse, N. W.

AU - Kearns, E.

AU - Raaf, J. L.

AU - Wan, L.

AU - Wester, T.

AU - Hill, J.

AU - Kim, J. Y.

AU - Lim, I. T.

AU - Park, R. G.

AU - Bodur, B.

AU - Scholberg, K.

AU - Walter, C. W.

AU - Bernard, L.

AU - Coffani, A.

AU - Drapier, O.

AU - El Hedri, S.

AU - Giampaolo, A.

AU - Mueller, Th A.

AU - Santos, A. D.

AU - Paganini, P.

AU - Quilain, B.

AU - Ishizuka, T.

AU - Nakamura, T.

AU - Jang, J. S.

AU - Learned, J. G.

AU - Cao, S.

AU - Choi, K.

AU - Anthony, L. H.V.

AU - Martin, D.

AU - Scott, M.

AU - Sztuc, A. A.

AU - Uchida, Y.

AU - Berardi, V.

AU - Catanesi, M. G.

AU - Radicioni, E.

AU - Calabria, N. F.

AU - De Rosa, G.

AU - Collazuol, G.

AU - Iacob, F.

AU - Lamoureux, M.

AU - Mattiazzi, M.

AU - Ludovici, L.

AU - Gonin, M.

AU - Pronost, G.

AU - Fujisawa, C.

AU - Maekawa, Y.

AU - Nishimura, Y.

AU - Sasaki, R.

AU - Friend, M.

AU - Hasegawa, T.

AU - Ishida, T.

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N1 - Funding Information: We gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of the Kamioka Mining and Smelting Company. The SK experiment has been built and operated with funding by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; the U.S. Department of Energy; and the U.S. National Science Foundation. Some of us have been supported by funds from the National Research Foundation of Korea NRF-2009-0083526 (KNRC) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning and the Ministry of Education (2018R1D1A1B07049158, 2021R1I1A1A01059559); the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grants No. 11620101004; the Spanish Ministry of Science, Universities and Innovation (grant PGC2018-099388-B-I00); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada; the Scinet and Westgrid consortia of Compute Canada; the National Science Centre (UMO-2018/30/E/ST2/00441) and the Ministry of Education and Science (DIR/WK/2017/05), Poland; the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) and GridPPP, UK; the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no.754496, H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 JENNIFER2 grant agreement No. 822070, and H2020-MSCA-RISE-2019 SK2HK grant agreement No. 872549. Publisher Copyright: © 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.

PY - 2022/8/1

Y1 - 2022/8/1

N2 - In 2020, the Super-Kamiokande (SK) experiment moved to a new stage (SK-Gd) in which gadolinium (Gd) sulfate octahydrate was added to the water in the detector, enhancing the efficiency to detect thermal neutrons and consequently improving the sensitivity to low energy electron anti-neutrinos from inverse beta decay (IBD) interactions. SK-Gd has the potential to provide early alerts of incipient core-collapse supernovae through detection of electron anti-neutrinos from thermal and nuclear processes responsible for the cooling of massive stars before the gravitational collapse of their cores. These pre-supernova neutrinos emitted during the silicon burning phase can exceed the energy threshold for IBD reactions. We present the sensitivity of SK-Gd to pre-supernova stars and the techniques used for the development of a pre-supernova alarm based on the detection of these neutrinos in SK, as well as prospects for future SK-Gd phases with higher concentrations of Gd. For the current SK-Gd phase, high-confidence alerts for Betelgeuse could be issued up to 9 hr in advance of the core collapse itself.

AB - In 2020, the Super-Kamiokande (SK) experiment moved to a new stage (SK-Gd) in which gadolinium (Gd) sulfate octahydrate was added to the water in the detector, enhancing the efficiency to detect thermal neutrons and consequently improving the sensitivity to low energy electron anti-neutrinos from inverse beta decay (IBD) interactions. SK-Gd has the potential to provide early alerts of incipient core-collapse supernovae through detection of electron anti-neutrinos from thermal and nuclear processes responsible for the cooling of massive stars before the gravitational collapse of their cores. These pre-supernova neutrinos emitted during the silicon burning phase can exceed the energy threshold for IBD reactions. We present the sensitivity of SK-Gd to pre-supernova stars and the techniques used for the development of a pre-supernova alarm based on the detection of these neutrinos in SK, as well as prospects for future SK-Gd phases with higher concentrations of Gd. For the current SK-Gd phase, high-confidence alerts for Betelgeuse could be issued up to 9 hr in advance of the core collapse itself.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85137305920&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85137305920&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.3847/1538-4357/ac7f9c

DO - 10.3847/1538-4357/ac7f9c

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85137305920

SN - 0004-637X

VL - 935

JO - Astrophysical Journal

JF - Astrophysical Journal

IS - 1

M1 - 40

ER -

Pre-supernova Alert System for Super-Kamiokande

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