Abstract
Black ash wetlands cover approximately 1.2 million ha of wetland forest in the western Great Lakes region, providing critical habitat for wildlife. The future of these wetlands is critically threatened by a variety of factors, including emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis; emerald ash borer [EAB]), which has been eliminating native populations of otherwise healthy ash throughout the Great Lakes region since it was discovered in 2002. To quantify the potential impacts of tree mortality from EAB on wildlife communities, we measured seasonal bird, mammal, and amphibian diversity in black ash wetlands using a dual approach: (1) documenting bird and amphibian species across 27 mature reference black ash wetlands in northern Minnesota, USA and (2) assessing how bird, mammal, and amphibian communities respond to experimental manipulations of black ash forests that emulate mortality and management strategies related to the potential impact of EAB. In total, 85 wildlife species were recorded for the entire study including 57 bird species, 5 amphibian species, and 23 mammal species. Results from the reference sites show that hydrologic regime, percentage of ash canopy cover, and understory cover were important habitat characteristics for bird and amphibian communities. Results from the experimental sites show there may be short-term increases in species richness for mammal and bird communities associated with changes in forest structure due to ash mortality; however, anticipated changes resulting from EAB-caused mortality, particularly the conversion of these sites to non-forested wetlands, will lead to significant shifts in bird and mammal community composition. Loss of ash may cause declines in forest-dependent species and increases in open-canopy and wetland-associated species. Additionally, whereas increased ponding extent and longer hydroperiods may be beneficial for some amphibian species, the loss of the forest canopy will result in an overall decrease in bird diversity and reduce forest connectivity for all species. Our results indicate the potential for significant large-scale impacts of black ash mortality on forest-associated wildlife. Management strategies that focus on establishing alternative trees species to maintain long-term forest cover and structural complexity in these wetlands will help to maintain and conserve wildlife diversity.
Original language | English (US) |
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Article number | e2567 |
Journal | Ecological Appplications |
Volume | 32 |
Issue number | 4 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Jun 2022 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:Special thanks to Doug Kastendick for supporting the experimental study establishment and Mitch Slater for assisting with the reference site study portion. Thanks to Katy Johnson, Lexi Liljenquist, and Nick Walton for wildlife data collection. Thanks to Michael Joyce for assistance developing lidar variables. We also thank Chippewa National Forest, the USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, county land managers, and Minnesota Department of Natural Resources for supporting the research, including logistic support and providing field research sites. We would also like to thank the reviewers for their time, thoughtful comments, and valuable feedback on this manuscript. This publication is Natural Resources Research Institute contribution no. 641.
Funding Information:
Funding for the implementation of the study design and wildlife surveys was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative‐Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR). Additional support for this work came from the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes Landscape Conservation Cooperative, Department of Interior Northeast Climate Adaptation Science Center, and USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station. Funding information
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Ecological Society of America.
Keywords
- Fraxinus nigra
- adaptive management
- biodiversity
- emerald ash borer
- forest management
- vertebrate community
PubMed: MeSH publication types
- Journal Article
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't