Phytotoxic responses of soybean (Glycine max L.) to botryodiplodin, a toxin produced by the charcoal rot disease fungus, macrophomina phaseolina

Hamed K. Abbas; Nacer Bellaloui; Alemah M. Butler; Justin L. Nelson; Mohamed Abou-Karam; W. Thomas Shier

doi:10.3390/toxins12010025

Phytotoxic responses of soybean (Glycine max L.) to botryodiplodin, a toxin produced by the charcoal rot disease fungus, macrophomina phaseolina

Hamed K. Abbas, Nacer Bellaloui, Alemah M. Butler, Justin L. Nelson, Mohamed Abou-Karam, W. Thomas Shier

Medicinal Chemistry

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

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Abstract

Toxins have been proposed to facilitate fungal root infection by creating regions of readily-penetrated necrotic tissue when applied externally to intact roots. Isolates of the charcoal rot disease fungus, Macrophomina phaseolina, from soybean plants in Mississippi produced a phytotoxic toxin, (−)-botryodiplodin, but no detectable phaseolinone, a toxin previously proposed to play a role in the root infection mechanism. This study was undertaken to determine if (−)-botryodiplodin induces toxic responses of the types that could facilitate root infection. (±)-Botryodiplodin prepared by chemical synthesis caused phytotoxic effects identical to those observed with (−)-botryodiplodin preparations from M. phaseolina culture filtrates, consistent with fungus-induced phytotoxicity being due to (−)-botryodiplodin, not phaseolinone or other unknown impurities. Soybean leaf disc cultures of Saline cultivar were more susceptible to (±)-botryodiplodin phytotoxicity than were cultures of two charcoal rot-resistant genotypes, DS97-84-1 and DT97-4290. (±)-Botryodiplodin caused similar phytotoxicity in actively growing duckweed (Lemna pausicostata) plantlet cultures, but at much lower concentrations. In soybean seedlings growing in hydroponic culture, (±)-botryodiplodin added to culture medium inhibited lateral and tap root growth, and caused loss of root caps and normal root tip cellular structure. Thus, botryodiplodin applied externally to undisturbed soybean roots induced phytotoxic responses of types expected to facilitate fungal root infection.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	25
Journal	Toxins
Volume	12
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12010025
State	Published - Jan 1 2020

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This work was supported in part by the Mississippi Soybean Promotion Board and the Mississippi State University Special Research Initiatives grants program. The authors are grateful to Bobbie J. Johnson (retired), Jeremy Kotowicz, and Vivek H. Khambhati for their technical assistance. Trade names are used in this publication solely for the purpose of providing specific information. Mention of a trade name, propriety product, or specific equipment does not constitute a guarantee or warranty by the USDA-ARS and does not imply approval of the named product to exclusion of other similar products.

Funding Information:
Funding: This work was supported in part by the Mississippi Soybean Promotion Board and the Mississippi State University Special Research Initiatives grants program.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 by the authors

Keywords

Botryodiplodin
Hydroponic culture
Macrophomina phaseolina
Root infection mechanism
Root toxicity

PubMed: MeSH publication types

Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

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10.3390/toxins12010025

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Phytotoxic responses of soybean (Glycine max L.) to botryodiplodin, a toxin produced by the charcoal rot disease fungus, macrophomina phaseolina. / Abbas, Hamed K.; Bellaloui, Nacer; Butler, Alemah M.; Nelson, Justin L.; Abou-Karam, Mohamed; Thomas Shier, W.

In: Toxins, Vol. 12, No. 1, 25, 01.01.2020.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

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Phytotoxic responses of soybean (Glycine max L.) to botryodiplodin, a toxin produced by the charcoal rot disease fungus, macrophomina phaseolina

Abstract

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Keywords

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