TY - JOUR
T1 - Phylogenetics of the Chamaesyce clade (Euphorbia, Euphorbiaceae)
T2 - Reticulate evolution and long-distance dispersal in a prominent C4 lineage
AU - Yang, Ya
AU - Berry, Paul E.
PY - 2011/9
Y1 - 2011/9
N2 - Premise of the study: The Chamaesyce clade of Euphorbia is the largest lineage of C 4 plants among the eudicots, with 350 species including both narrow endemics and cosmopolitan weeds. We sampled this group worldwide to address questions about subclade relationships, the origin of C 4 photosynthesis, the evolution of weeds, and the role of hybridization and longdistance dispersal in the diversification of the group.Methods: Two nuclear (ITS and exon 9 of EMB2765) and three chloroplast markers (matK, rpl16, and trnL-F) were sequenced for 138 ingroup and six outgroup species. Exon 9 of EMB2765 was cloned in accessions with > 1% superimposed peaks.Key results: The Chamaesyce clade is monophyletic and consists of three major subclades [1(2,3)]: (1) the Acuta clade, containing three North American species with C 3 photosynthesis and C 3 -C 4 intermediates; (2) the Peplis clade, mostly North American and entirely C 4; and (3) the Hypericifolia clade, all C 4, with both New World and Old World groups. Incongruence between chloroplast and ITS phylogenies and divergent cloned copies of EMB2765 exon 9 suggest extensive hybridization, especially in the Hawaiian Islands radiation.Conclusions: The Chamaesyce clade originated in warm, arid areas of North America, where it evolved C 4 photosynthesis. From there, it diversified globally with extensive reticulate evolution and frequent long-distance dispersals. Although many species are weedy, there are numerous local adaptations to specific substrates and regional or island radiations, which have contributed to the great diversity of this group.
AB - Premise of the study: The Chamaesyce clade of Euphorbia is the largest lineage of C 4 plants among the eudicots, with 350 species including both narrow endemics and cosmopolitan weeds. We sampled this group worldwide to address questions about subclade relationships, the origin of C 4 photosynthesis, the evolution of weeds, and the role of hybridization and longdistance dispersal in the diversification of the group.Methods: Two nuclear (ITS and exon 9 of EMB2765) and three chloroplast markers (matK, rpl16, and trnL-F) were sequenced for 138 ingroup and six outgroup species. Exon 9 of EMB2765 was cloned in accessions with > 1% superimposed peaks.Key results: The Chamaesyce clade is monophyletic and consists of three major subclades [1(2,3)]: (1) the Acuta clade, containing three North American species with C 3 photosynthesis and C 3 -C 4 intermediates; (2) the Peplis clade, mostly North American and entirely C 4; and (3) the Hypericifolia clade, all C 4, with both New World and Old World groups. Incongruence between chloroplast and ITS phylogenies and divergent cloned copies of EMB2765 exon 9 suggest extensive hybridization, especially in the Hawaiian Islands radiation.Conclusions: The Chamaesyce clade originated in warm, arid areas of North America, where it evolved C 4 photosynthesis. From there, it diversified globally with extensive reticulate evolution and frequent long-distance dispersals. Although many species are weedy, there are numerous local adaptations to specific substrates and regional or island radiations, which have contributed to the great diversity of this group.
KW - C photosynthesis; Chamaesyce; Euphorbia; Hawaiian Islands; long-distance dispersal; low-copy nuclear marker; reticulate evolution; short chloroplast genome inversion; weeds
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84863338062&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84863338062&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3732/ajb.1000496
DO - 10.3732/ajb.1000496
M3 - Article
C2 - 21875975
AN - SCOPUS:84863338062
SN - 0002-9122
VL - 98
SP - 1486
EP - 1503
JO - American Journal of Botany
JF - American Journal of Botany
IS - 9
ER -