Peri-implant conditions and levels of advanced glycation end products among patients with different glycemic control

Background: A close relationship between poor glycemic control and peri-implant break down has been demonstrated. It is hypothesized that levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF) are higher with increased glycemic levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Purpose: In the present study, we examined the clinical and radiographic peri-implant parameters and levels of AGEs among different glycemic levels in diabetic patients and assessed whether the levels of AGEs correlate with clinical peri-implant parameters. Materials and Methods: Ninety-three patients who participated in this study were divided into four groups; Group-1: HbA1c 6.1%-8%; Group-2: HbA1c 8.1%-10%; Group-3: HbA1c > 10%; Group-4: non-diabetic individuals with HbA1c < 6%. Peri-implant plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and crestal bone loss (CBL) were recorded. Levels of AGEs in PISF were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Between-group comparison of means was verified with Kruskal–Wallis test and Pearson correlation coefficient for correlations of AGE levels with peri-implant parameters. Results: Peri-implant PI, BOP, PD, and CBL were significantly higher in group-1, −2, and −3 as compared to non-diabetic patients (P <.05). These parameters were significantly higher in group-2 and group-3 versus group-1 (P <.01). Mean PI, BOP, PD, and CBL were comparable between group-2 and group-3 patients (P >.05). Mean levels of AGEs in PISF were significantly higher in relation to higher levels of HbA1c levels. Significant positive correlations were found between AGEs and PD (P =.0221) and CBL (P =.0425); and significant negative correlation was found for PI (P =.0376) in patients with HbA1c levels >10%, respectively. Conclusions: Clinical and radiographic peri-implant parameters were poor and levels of AGEs were significantly high in patients with high glycemic levels. These findings suggest that AGEs may be considered as potential marker of inflammation in diabetic individuals with peri-implantitis.