Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the suitability of embedding Internet hosts into a Euclidean space given their pairwise distances (as measured by round-trip time). Using the classical scaling and matrix perturbation theories, we first establish the (sum of the) magnitude of negative eigenvalues of the (doubly centered, squared) distance matrix as a measure of suitability of Euclidean embedding. We then show that the distance matrix among Internet hosts contains negative eigenvalues of large magnitude, implying that embedding the Internet hosts in a Euclidean space would incur relatively large errors. Motivated by earlier studies, we demonstrate that the inaccuracy of Euclidean embedding is caused by a large degree of triangle inequality violation (TIV) in the Internet distances, which leads to negative eigenvalues of large magnitude. Moreover, we show that the TIVs are likely to occur locally; hence the distances among these close-by hosts cannot be estimated accurately using a global Euclidean embedding. In addition, increasing the dimension of embedding does not reduce the embedding errors. Based on these insights, we propose a new hybrid model for embedding the network nodes using only a two-dimensional Euclidean coordinate system and small error adjustment terms. We show that the accuracy of the proposed embedding technique is as good as, if not better than, that of a seven-dimensional Euclidean embedding.
Original language | English (US) |
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Article number | 5235089 |
Pages (from-to) | 27-40 |
Number of pages | 14 |
Journal | IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking |
Volume | 18 |
Issue number | 1 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Feb 2010 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:Manuscript received February 24, 2008; revised September 28, 2008; approved by IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING Editor A. Feldmann. First published September 11, 2009; current version published February 18, 2010. This work was supported in part by Research Program 2008 of Kookmin University, Korea; by the National Science Foundation under Grants ITR-0085824, CNS-0435444, CNS-0626812, and CNS-0626808; and by an IBM Faculty Partnership Award. An earlier version of this paper was presented at ACM Sigmetrics/Performance 2006 [1].
Keywords
- Euclidean embedding
- Suitability
- Triangle inequality