Nitrogen alters effects of disturbance on annual grassland community diversity: Implications for restoration

Angela J. Brandt, Eric W. Seabloom, Marc W. Cadotte

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

13 Scopus citations

Abstract

In an era of anthropogenically altered disturbance regimes and increased nutrient loads, understanding how communities respond to these perturbations is essential for successful habitat restoration. Disturbance and resource supply can affect community diversity by altering community assembly processes, such as recruitment, mortality or competitive inequalities. The mechanisms behind community responses to these drivers will differentially affect multiple facets of diversity. Here we examine how factorial manipulations of disturbance (raking to remove above-ground vegetation) and nitrogen supply affect taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of predominantly annual California grassland communities spanning a 500-km latitudinal and twofold rainfall gradient. The disturbance caused density-independent biomass removal and increased access to resources such as space and light, thus mimicking demographic effects of disturbance as considered in ecological models and broadly applicable to empirical systems. We used paired metrics of richness, evenness and community composition to compare evidence from taxonomy and phylogeny. Disturbance increased species and phylogenetic diversity (richness and evenness metrics). However, nitrogen addition interacted with disturbance to reduce species richness and phylogenetic diversity. Undisturbed communities were more strongly clustered phylogenetically, but disturbance eroded this clustering such that communities became more random (i.e. indistinguishable from a null model of assembly). Species composition differed between disturbed and undisturbed communities, and many species were observed in only one community type. Disturbance interacted with nitrogen supply to alter phylogenetic composition of communities, and recently disturbed communities were more spatially variable in phylogenetic composition than undisturbed communities. Phylogenetic composition of communities also differed among nitrogen treatments. Synthesis. Our results suggest that disturbing these grassland communities by removing above-ground vegetation increased community diversity by increasing recruitment. Seed addition following this type of disturbance is thus likely to be an effective restoration technique. However, we have shown that disturbance combined with nitrogen enrichment reduces community diversity. The mechanism for this enrichment effect does not appear to be linked to increased productivity leading to light limitation. This work suggests restoration efforts employing biomass removal must take nutrient availability into account to maximize local community diversity.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)2054-2064
Number of pages11
JournalJournal of Ecology
Volume107
Issue number5
DOIs
StatePublished - 2019

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
We thank the University of California Natural Reserve System and staff at the Sedgwick, Hastings and McLaughlin reserves. Thanks also to T. Yoshida, B. A. Martin, E. C. Orling and research crews at Oregon State U. and UC−Santa Barbara for field assistance. J. H. Burns, S. D. Hacker, K. L. Krynak, G. J. Svenson and two anonymous reviewers provided valuable comments on the manuscript, B. McCune provided advice on statistical analysis, and the Cadotte lab at the U. of Toronto at Scarborough discussed ideas and techniques. Work funded by NSF DEB-0235624 (O. J. Reichman, J. Schimel and E.W.S.) and DEB-0910043 (E.W.S. and A.J.B.), Andrew W. Mellon Foundation (O. J. Reichman and EWS), UC Integrated Hardwood Range Management Program (W. D. Koenig, M. V. Ashley, E. T. Borer, J. M. H. Knops, E.W.S. and M. R. Stromberg), and OSU Department of Zoology Research Fund (A.J.B.). M.W.C. was generously supported by an NSERC discovery grant (grant #386151).

Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 The Authors. Journal of Ecology © 2019 British Ecological Society

Keywords

  • beta-diversity
  • community composition
  • determinants of plant community diversity and structure
  • mean pairwise distance
  • nutrient enrichment
  • phylogenetic diversity
  • species evenness
  • species richness

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