TY - JOUR
T1 - Nicotine dependence among African American light smokers
T2 - A comparison of three scales
AU - Okuyemi, Kolawole S.
AU - Pulvers, Kim M.
AU - Cox, Lisa Sanderson
AU - Thomas, Janet L.
AU - Kaur, Harsohena
AU - Mayo, Matthew S.
AU - Nazir, Niaman
AU - Etter, Jean Francois
AU - Ahluwalia, Jasjit S.
PY - 2007/10
Y1 - 2007/10
N2 - Approximately 50% of African American (AA) smokers are light smokers (smoke ≤ 10 cigarettes a day), yet this group is understudied despite being at-risk of smoking-related death and disease. This study is a secondary analysis of data from a clinical trial that assessed the efficacy of nicotine gum and counseling for smoking cessation among African American light smokers. The purpose of the current paper was to assess nicotine dependence among participants enrolled in the clinical trial using three measures of nicotine dependence. The Cigarette Dependence Scale (CDS), the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence Scale (FTND), and the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS) were administered to 700 participants (67% female; mean age = 45 years). Exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) and serum cotinine were assessed. The CDS showed the strongest association with biochemical markers (r = 0.28 for cotinine and 0.25 for CO). Factor analysis of the NDSS revealed five factors: drive, priority, tolerance, continuity, and stereotypy. Compared to those who smoked 1-5 CPD, smokers who averaged 6-10 CPD scored higher on all three dependence (p < 0.001) and two biochemical measures (p < 0.001), and on three of the five NDSS subscales (Drive, p < 0.001; Stereotypy, p < 0.01; and Tolerance, p < 0.01). Given the different domains tapped by each instrument, the use of multiple measures might yield the most comprehensive assessment of nicotine dependence. Results suggest the validity of these scales for African American light smokers and point to the need for sensitivity to differential levels of nicotine dependence among subgroups of light smokers.
AB - Approximately 50% of African American (AA) smokers are light smokers (smoke ≤ 10 cigarettes a day), yet this group is understudied despite being at-risk of smoking-related death and disease. This study is a secondary analysis of data from a clinical trial that assessed the efficacy of nicotine gum and counseling for smoking cessation among African American light smokers. The purpose of the current paper was to assess nicotine dependence among participants enrolled in the clinical trial using three measures of nicotine dependence. The Cigarette Dependence Scale (CDS), the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence Scale (FTND), and the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS) were administered to 700 participants (67% female; mean age = 45 years). Exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) and serum cotinine were assessed. The CDS showed the strongest association with biochemical markers (r = 0.28 for cotinine and 0.25 for CO). Factor analysis of the NDSS revealed five factors: drive, priority, tolerance, continuity, and stereotypy. Compared to those who smoked 1-5 CPD, smokers who averaged 6-10 CPD scored higher on all three dependence (p < 0.001) and two biochemical measures (p < 0.001), and on three of the five NDSS subscales (Drive, p < 0.001; Stereotypy, p < 0.01; and Tolerance, p < 0.01). Given the different domains tapped by each instrument, the use of multiple measures might yield the most comprehensive assessment of nicotine dependence. Results suggest the validity of these scales for African American light smokers and point to the need for sensitivity to differential levels of nicotine dependence among subgroups of light smokers.
KW - African American
KW - CDS
KW - FTND
KW - NDSS
KW - Scale validity
KW - Smoking
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U2 - 10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.01.002
DO - 10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.01.002
M3 - Article
C2 - 17307303
AN - SCOPUS:34547634266
SN - 0306-4603
VL - 32
SP - 1989
EP - 2002
JO - Addictive Behaviors
JF - Addictive Behaviors
IS - 10
ER -