Abstract
Morphological changes are a very common and effective strategy for pathogens to survive in the mammalian host. During interactions with their host, human pathogenic fungi undergo an array of morphological changes that are tightly associated with virulence. Candida albicans switches between yeast cells and hyphae during infection. Thermally dimorphic pathogens, such as Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces species transform from hyphal growth to yeast cells in response to host stimuli. Coccidioides and Pneumocystis species produce spherules and cysts, respectively, which allow for the production of offspring in a protected environment. Finally, Cryptococcus species suppress hyphal growth and instead produce an array of yeast cells—from large polyploid titan cells to micro cells. While the morphology changes produced by human fungal pathogens are diverse, they all allow for the pathogens to evade, manipulate, and overcome host immune defenses to cause disease. In this review, we summarize the morphology changes in human fungal pathogens—focusing on morphological features, stimuli, and mechanisms of formation in the host.
Original language | English (US) |
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Article number | 66 |
Journal | Journal of Fungi |
Volume | 3 |
Issue number | 4 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Dec 2017 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:The writing of this review was supported by National Institutes of Health grants AI080275 and AI22352 to Kirsten Nielsen.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Keywords
- Host-pathogen interaction
- Human fungal pathogen
- Hyphae
- Morphology change
- Spherules
- Titan cell