Abstract
Background. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and immune activation may increase inflammation and coagulation biomarkers. Limited data exist comparing such biomarkers in persons with and without HIV infection. Methods. For persons 45-76 years of age, levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin (IL)-6, D-dimer, and cystatin C were compared in 494 HIV-infected individuals in the Strategies for Management of Anti-Retroviral Therapy (SMART) study and 5386 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) study. For persons 33-44 years of age, hsCRP and IL-6 levels were compared in 287 participants in the SMART study and 3231 participants in the Coronary Artery Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Results. hsCRP and IL-6 levels were 55% (P < .001) and 62% (P < .001) higher among HIV-infected participants than among CARDIA study participants. Compared with levels noted in MESA study participants, hsCRP, IL-6, D-dimer, and cystatin C levels were 50%, 152%, 94%, and 27% higher, respectively (P<.001, for each), among HIV-infected participants. HIV-infected participants receiving antiretroviral therapy who had HIV RNA levels ≤400 copies/mL had levels higher (by 21% to 60%) (P<.001) than those in the general population, for all biomarkers. Conclusions. hsCRP, IL-6, D-dimer, and cystatin C levels are elevated in persons with HIV infection and remain so even after HIV RNA levels are suppressed with antiretroviral therapy. Additional research is needed on the pathophysiology of HIV-induced activation of inflammatory and coagulation pathways, to guide potential interventions.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 1788-1795 |
Number of pages | 8 |
Journal | Journal of Infectious Diseases |
Volume | 201 |
Issue number | 12 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Jun 15 2010 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:Financial support: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH; grants U01AI042170 and U01AI46362 for the Strategies for Management of Anti-Retroviral Therapy [SMART] study); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH (contracts N01-HC-95159 through N01-HC-95169 for the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis [MESA] study and contracts NO1-HC-48047, NO1-HC-48048, NO1-HC-48049, NO1-HC-48050, and NO1-HC-95095 for the Coronary Artery Development in Young Adults [CARDIA] study). a See the Acknowledgments.