TY - JOUR
T1 - Mapping social-ecological systems
T2 - Identifying 'green-loop' and 'red-loop' dynamics based on characteristic bundles of ecosystem service use
AU - Hamann, Maike
AU - Biggs, Reinette
AU - Reyers, Belinda
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2015 Z.
PY - 2015/9/1
Y1 - 2015/9/1
N2 - We present an approach to identify and map social-ecological systems based on the direct use of ecosystem services by households. This approach builds on the premise that characteristic bundles of ecosystem service use represent integrated expressions of different underlying social-ecological systems. We test the approach in South Africa using national census data on the direct use of six provisioning services (freshwater from a natural source, firewood for cooking, firewood for heating, natural building materials, animal production, and crop production) at two different scales. Based on a cluster analysis, we identify three distinct ecosystem service bundles that represent social-ecological systems characterized by low, medium and high levels of direct ecosystem service use among households. We argue that these correspond to 'green-loop', 'transition' and 'red-loop' systems as defined by Cumming et al. (2014). When mapped, these systems form coherent spatial units that differ from systems identified by additive combinations of separate social and biophysical datasets, the most common method of mapping social-ecological systems to date. The distribution of the systems we identified is mainly determined by social factors, such as household income, gender of the household head, and land tenure, and only partly determined by the supply of natural resources. An understanding of the location and characteristic resource use dynamics of different social-ecological systems allows for policies to be better targeted at the particular sustainability challenges faced in different areas.
AB - We present an approach to identify and map social-ecological systems based on the direct use of ecosystem services by households. This approach builds on the premise that characteristic bundles of ecosystem service use represent integrated expressions of different underlying social-ecological systems. We test the approach in South Africa using national census data on the direct use of six provisioning services (freshwater from a natural source, firewood for cooking, firewood for heating, natural building materials, animal production, and crop production) at two different scales. Based on a cluster analysis, we identify three distinct ecosystem service bundles that represent social-ecological systems characterized by low, medium and high levels of direct ecosystem service use among households. We argue that these correspond to 'green-loop', 'transition' and 'red-loop' systems as defined by Cumming et al. (2014). When mapped, these systems form coherent spatial units that differ from systems identified by additive combinations of separate social and biophysical datasets, the most common method of mapping social-ecological systems to date. The distribution of the systems we identified is mainly determined by social factors, such as household income, gender of the household head, and land tenure, and only partly determined by the supply of natural resources. An understanding of the location and characteristic resource use dynamics of different social-ecological systems allows for policies to be better targeted at the particular sustainability challenges faced in different areas.
KW - Ecosystem services
KW - Human well-being
KW - Land use planning
KW - Natural resource management
KW - South Africa
KW - Sustainability
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84938680413&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84938680413&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.07.008
DO - 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.07.008
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84938680413
SN - 0959-3780
VL - 34
SP - 218
EP - 226
JO - Global Environmental Change
JF - Global Environmental Change
ER -