Abstract
Bladder cancer is the ninth most common cancer in the world with more than 75% of being nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) at presentation. NMIBC is not a single entity and represents a clinically and pathologically variable spectrum of superficial bladder cancer. The most common presentation is with gross visible hematuria and the initial workup involves cross-sectional imaging with contrast for evaluation of the upper urinary tract, urine cytology assessment, and office cystoscopy. There are several urinary biomarkers that are now available and being further investigated to aid the diagnosis of NMIBC. Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURB) in NMIBC ensures complete tumor resection of endoscopically evident tumors to have a correct pathological diagnosis. Enhanced cystoscopy techniques like photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) using blue light cystoscopy and narrow band oimaging (NBI) can be included whenever available. Correct pathological diagnosis is of the greatest importance in NMIBC in stratifying patients for risk-based adjuvant treatment. BCG is the cornerstone of adjuvant intravesical treatment in NMIBC but has its limitations considering the adverse effects and concerns for failure. Newer therapeutics are being explored in NMIBC for BCG naïve and BCG failures, but, whenever indicated, radical cystectomy (RC) should be considered in eligible patients.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Title of host publication | A Guide to Management of Urological Cancers |
| Publisher | Springer Nature |
| Pages | 141-152 |
| Number of pages | 12 |
| ISBN (Electronic) | 9789819923410 |
| ISBN (Print) | 9789819923403 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Jan 1 2023 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.
