Joint analyses of human milk fatty acids, phospholipids, and choline in association with cognition and temperament traits during the first 6 months of life

Tengfei Li, Tinu M. Samuel, Ziliang Zhu, Brittany Howell, Seoyoon Cho, Kristine Baluyot, Heather Hazlett, Jed T. Elison, Di Wu, Jonas Hauser, Norbert Sprenger, Hongtu Zhu, Weili Lin

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Abstract

Early dietary exposure via human milk nutrients offers a window of opportunity to support cognitive and temperament development. While several studies have focused on associations of few pre-selected human milk nutrients with cognition and temperament, it is highly plausible that human milk nutrients synergistically and jointly support cognitive and behavioral development in early life. We aimed to discern the combined associations of three major classes of human milk nutrients with cognition and temperament during the first 6 months of life when human milk is the primary source of an infant’s nutrition and explore whether there were persistent effects up to 18 months old. The Mullen Scales of Early Learning and Infant Behavior Questionnaires—Revised were used to assess cognition and temperament, respectively, of 54 exclusively/predominantly breastfed infants in the first 6 months of life, whose follow-ups were conducted at 6–9, 9–12, and 12–18 months old. Human milk samples were obtained from the mothers of the participants at less than 6 months of age and analyzed for fatty acids [total monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acid, total saturated fatty acid (TSFA), arachidonic acid (ARA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), ARA/DHA, omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio (n-6/n-3)], phospholipids [phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), sphingomyelin], and choline [free choline, phosphocholine (PCho), glycerophosphocholine]. Feature selection was performed to select nutrients associated with cognition and temperament. The combined effects of selected nutrients were analyzed using multiple regression. A positive association between the arachidonic acid (ARA) and surgency was observed (p = 0.024). A significant effect of DHA, n-6/n-3, PE, and TSFA concentrations on receptive language (R2 = 0.39, p = 0.025) and the elevated ARA, PCho, and PI with increased surgency (R2 = 0.43, p = 0.003) was identified, suggesting that DHA and ARA may have distinct roles for temperament and language functions. Furthermore, the exploratory association analyses suggest that the effects of human milk nutrients on R.L. and surgency may persist beyond the first 6 months of life, particularly surgency at 12–18 months (p = 0.002). Our study highlighted that various human milk nutrients work together to support the development of cognition and temperament traits during early infancy.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Article number919769
JournalFrontiers in Nutrition
Volume9
DOIs
StatePublished - Aug 24 2022

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
The sources of support include grants, fellowships, and gifts of materials. This study was supported in part by NIH grants [U01MH110274 (WL and JE); R01MH116527 (TL); R01MH086633 (HZ); and MH104324-03S1 (JE)], MH015755 (BH), and a grant (WL) from Nestlé Product Technology Center-Nutrition, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Switzerland. Analysis of choline and choline metabolites was performed by the Metabolism and Metabolomics Core at UNC-Chapel Hill (NIDDK P30DK056350-21). BH was an iTHRIV Scholar. The iTHRIV Scholars Program was supported in part by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Numbers UL1TR003015 and KL2TR003016.

Funding Information:
The sources of support include grants, fellowships, and gifts of materials. This study was supported in part by NIH grants [U01MH110274 (WL and JE); R01MH116527 (TL); R01MH086633 (HZ); and MH104324-03S1 (JE)], MH015755 (BH), and a grant (WL) from Nestlé Product Technology Center-Nutrition, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Switzerland. Analysis of choline and choline metabolites was performed by the Metabolism and Metabolomics Core at UNC-Chapel Hill (NIDDK P30DK056350-21). BH was an iTHRIV Scholar. The iTHRIV Scholars Program was supported in part by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Numbers UL1TR003015 and KL2TR003016.

Publisher Copyright:
Copyright © 2022 Li, Samuel, Zhu, Howell, Cho, Baluyot, Hazlett, Elison, Wu, Hauser, Sprenger, Zhu and Lin.

Keywords

  • ARA
  • DHA
  • IBQ
  • Mullen Scales of Early Learning
  • cognition and temperament
  • human milk
  • receptive language
  • surgency

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