Abstract
A number of neurohormones and cytokines are activated in heart failure and their activity is related to the progression of heart failure. Inhibiting the deleterious effects of the activated sympathetic and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems with β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and aldosterone blockers has been remarkably successful in improving the survival of patients with heart failure. However, inhibition of the other neurohormones and cytokines has not provided the expected incremental benefit, and in some cases has been deleterious, suggesting a ceiling effect of further neurohormonal blockade. This article reviews some of these studies and analyzes the possible causes of these observations.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 169-175 |
| Number of pages | 7 |
| Journal | Current Cardiology Reports |
| Volume | 6 |
| Issue number | 3 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - May 2004 |
| Externally published | Yes |
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This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
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SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being
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