TY - JOUR
T1 - Is too much neurohormonal blockade harmful?
AU - Anand, Inder S.
PY - 2004/5
Y1 - 2004/5
N2 - A number of neurohormones and cytokines are activated in heart failure and their activity is related to the progression of heart failure. Inhibiting the deleterious effects of the activated sympathetic and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems with β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and aldosterone blockers has been remarkably successful in improving the survival of patients with heart failure. However, inhibition of the other neurohormones and cytokines has not provided the expected incremental benefit, and in some cases has been deleterious, suggesting a ceiling effect of further neurohormonal blockade. This article reviews some of these studies and analyzes the possible causes of these observations.
AB - A number of neurohormones and cytokines are activated in heart failure and their activity is related to the progression of heart failure. Inhibiting the deleterious effects of the activated sympathetic and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems with β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and aldosterone blockers has been remarkably successful in improving the survival of patients with heart failure. However, inhibition of the other neurohormones and cytokines has not provided the expected incremental benefit, and in some cases has been deleterious, suggesting a ceiling effect of further neurohormonal blockade. This article reviews some of these studies and analyzes the possible causes of these observations.
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U2 - 10.1007/s11886-004-0019-6
DO - 10.1007/s11886-004-0019-6
M3 - Review article
C2 - 15075050
AN - SCOPUS:3142671327
VL - 6
SP - 169
EP - 175
JO - Current Cardiology Reports
JF - Current Cardiology Reports
SN - 1523-3782
IS - 3
ER -