TY - JOUR
T1 - Intakes of fruit, vegetables, and carotenoids and renal cell cancer risk
T2 - A pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies
AU - Jung, Eun Lee
AU - Männistö, Satu
AU - Spiegelman, Donna
AU - Hunter, David J.
AU - Bernstein, Leslie
AU - Van Den Brandt, Piet A.
AU - Buring, Julie E.
AU - Cho, Eunyoung
AU - English, Dallas R.
AU - Flood, Andrew
AU - Freudenheim, Jo L.
AU - Giles, Graham G.
AU - Giovannucci, Edward
AU - Håkansson, Niclas
AU - Horn-Ross, Pamela L.
AU - Jacobs, Eric J.
AU - Leitzmann, Michael F.
AU - Marshall, James R.
AU - McCullough, Marjorie L.
AU - Miller, Anthony B.
AU - Rohan, Thomas E.
AU - Ross, Julie A.
AU - Schatzkin, Arthur
AU - Schouten, Leo J.
AU - Virtamo, Jarmo
AU - Wolk, Alicja
AU - Zhang, Shumin M.
AU - Smith-Warner, Stephanie A.
PY - 2009/6
Y1 - 2009/6
N2 - Fruit and vegetable consumption has been hypothesized to reduce the risk of renal cell cancer. We conducted a pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies, including 1,478 incident cases of renal cell cancer (709 women and 769 men) among 530,469 women and 244,483 men followed for up to 7 to 20 years. Participants completed a validated food-frequency questionnaire at baseline. Using the primary data from each study, the study-specific relative risks (RR) were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model and then pooled using a random effects model. We found that fruit and vegetable consumption was associated with a reduced risk of renal cell cancer. Compared with <200 g/d of fruit and vegetable intake, the pooled multivariate RR for ≥600 g/d was 0.68 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.54-0.87; P for between-studies heterogeneity = 0.86; P for trend = 0.001]. Compared with <100 g/d, the pooled multivariate RRs (95% CI) for ≥400 g/d were 0.79 (0.63-0.99; P for trend = 0.03) for total fruit and 0.72 (0.48-1.08; P for trend = 0.07) for total vegetables. For specific carotenoids, the pooled multivariate RRs (95% CIs) comparing the highest and lowest quintiles were 0.87 (0.73-1.03) for α-carotene, 0.82 (0.69-0.98) for β-carotene, 0.86 (0.73-1.01) for β-cryptoxanthin, 0.82 (0.64-1.06) for lutein/zeaxanthin, and 1.13 (0.95-1.34) for lycopene. In conclusion, increasing fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with decreasing risk of renal cell cancer; carotenoids present in fruit and vegetables may partly contribute to this protection.
AB - Fruit and vegetable consumption has been hypothesized to reduce the risk of renal cell cancer. We conducted a pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies, including 1,478 incident cases of renal cell cancer (709 women and 769 men) among 530,469 women and 244,483 men followed for up to 7 to 20 years. Participants completed a validated food-frequency questionnaire at baseline. Using the primary data from each study, the study-specific relative risks (RR) were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model and then pooled using a random effects model. We found that fruit and vegetable consumption was associated with a reduced risk of renal cell cancer. Compared with <200 g/d of fruit and vegetable intake, the pooled multivariate RR for ≥600 g/d was 0.68 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.54-0.87; P for between-studies heterogeneity = 0.86; P for trend = 0.001]. Compared with <100 g/d, the pooled multivariate RRs (95% CI) for ≥400 g/d were 0.79 (0.63-0.99; P for trend = 0.03) for total fruit and 0.72 (0.48-1.08; P for trend = 0.07) for total vegetables. For specific carotenoids, the pooled multivariate RRs (95% CIs) comparing the highest and lowest quintiles were 0.87 (0.73-1.03) for α-carotene, 0.82 (0.69-0.98) for β-carotene, 0.86 (0.73-1.01) for β-cryptoxanthin, 0.82 (0.64-1.06) for lutein/zeaxanthin, and 1.13 (0.95-1.34) for lycopene. In conclusion, increasing fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with decreasing risk of renal cell cancer; carotenoids present in fruit and vegetables may partly contribute to this protection.
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UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=67449083633&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0045
DO - 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0045
M3 - Article
C2 - 19505906
AN - SCOPUS:67449083633
SN - 1055-9965
VL - 18
SP - 1730
EP - 1739
JO - Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention
JF - Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention
IS - 6
ER -