Influence of vegetation and seasonal forcing on carbon dioxide fluxes across the Upper Midwest, USA: Implications for regional scaling

Ankur R. Desai; Asko Noormets; Paul V. Bolstad; Jiquan Chen; Bruce D. Cook; Kenneth J. Davis; Eugenie S. Euskirchen; Christopher Gough; Jonathan G. Martin; Daniel M. Ricciuto; Hans Peter Schmid; Jianwu Tang; Weiguo Wang

doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.001

Influence of vegetation and seasonal forcing on carbon dioxide fluxes across the Upper Midwest, USA: Implications for regional scaling

Ankur R. Desai, Asko Noormets, Paul V. Bolstad, Jiquan Chen, Bruce D. Cook, Kenneth J. Davis, Eugenie S. Euskirchen, Christopher Gough, Jonathan G. Martin, Daniel M. Ricciuto, Hans Peter Schmid, Jianwu Tang, Weiguo Wang

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Abstract

Carbon dioxide fluxes were examined over the growing seasons of 2002 and 2003 from 14 different sites in Upper Midwest (USA) to assess spatial variability of ecosystem-atmosphere CO₂ exchange. These sites were exposed to similar temperature/precipitation regimes and spanned a range of vegetation types typical of the region (northern hardwood, mixed forest, red pine, jack pine, pine barrens and shrub wetland). The hardwood and red pine sites also spanned a range of stand ages (young, intermediate, mature). While seasonal changes in net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and photosynthetic parameters were coherent across the 2 years at most sites, changes in ecosystem respiration (ER) and gross ecosystem production (GEP) were not. Canopy height and vegetation type were important variables for explaining spatial variability of CO₂ fluxes across the region. Light-use efficiency (LUE) was not as strongly correlated to GEP as maximum assimilation capacity (Amax). A bottom-up multi-tower land cover aggregated scaling of CO₂ flux to a 2000 km² regional flux estimate found June to August 2003 NEE, ER and GEP to be -290 ± 89, 408 ± 48, and 698 ± 73 gC m^-2, respectively. Aggregated NEE, ER and GEP were 280% larger, 32% smaller and 3% larger, respectively, than that observed from a regionally integrating 447 m tall flux tower. However, when the tall tower fluxes were decomposed using a footprint-weighted influence function and then re-aggregated to a regional estimate, the resulting NEE, ER and GEP were within 11% of the multi-tower aggregation. Excluding wetland and young stand age sites from the aggregation worsened the comparison to observed fluxes. These results provide insight on the range of spatial sampling, replication, measurement error and land cover accuracy needed for multi-tiered bottom-up scaling of CO₂ fluxes in heterogeneous regions such as the Upper Midwest, USA.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	288-308
Number of pages	21
Journal	Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
Volume	148
Issue number	2
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.001
State	Published - Feb 13 2008

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
The authors wish to acknowledge the help of numerous field crew, technicians, engineers and students involved in installation, maintenance, troubleshooting and data collection at all the sites. We also thank the land owners for allowing access to field locations, including the cooperation of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) U.S. Forest Service (USFS), Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest and the Ottawa National Forest, the Wisconsin Educational Communications Board and Roger Strand, chief engineer for WLEF-TV. We also wish to acknowledge the support of field stations such as the University of Wisconsin Kemp Natural Resources Station for housing personnel, storing equipment and providing lab access. These sites and this analysis was funded in part with support from the U.S. National Science Foundation, grant number #0129405, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science (BER), Terrestrial Carbon Processes program, grant number DE-FG02-00ER63023, U.S. DOE BER Midwestern Regional Center of the National Institute for Global Environmental Change under Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC03-90ER61010, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Science Mission Directorate, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Lab (CMDL), USDA USFS Northern Global Change Research Program, and the USDA USFS North Central Research Station.

Keywords

Carbon cycle
Eddy covariance
Managed and natural ecosystems
Regional upscaling

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10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.001

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Desai, A. R., Noormets, A., Bolstad, P. V., Chen, J., Cook, B. D., Davis, K. J., Euskirchen, E. S., Gough, C., Martin, J. G., Ricciuto, D. M., Schmid, H. P., Tang, J., & Wang, W. (2008). Influence of vegetation and seasonal forcing on carbon dioxide fluxes across the Upper Midwest, USA: Implications for regional scaling. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 148(2), 288-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.001

Desai, AR, Noormets, A, Bolstad, PV, Chen, J, Cook, BD, Davis, KJ, Euskirchen, ES, Gough, C, Martin, JG, Ricciuto, DM, Schmid, HP, Tang, J & Wang, W 2008, 'Influence of vegetation and seasonal forcing on carbon dioxide fluxes across the Upper Midwest, USA: Implications for regional scaling', Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol. 148, no. 2, pp. 288-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.001

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abstract = "Carbon dioxide fluxes were examined over the growing seasons of 2002 and 2003 from 14 different sites in Upper Midwest (USA) to assess spatial variability of ecosystem-atmosphere CO2 exchange. These sites were exposed to similar temperature/precipitation regimes and spanned a range of vegetation types typical of the region (northern hardwood, mixed forest, red pine, jack pine, pine barrens and shrub wetland). The hardwood and red pine sites also spanned a range of stand ages (young, intermediate, mature). While seasonal changes in net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and photosynthetic parameters were coherent across the 2 years at most sites, changes in ecosystem respiration (ER) and gross ecosystem production (GEP) were not. Canopy height and vegetation type were important variables for explaining spatial variability of CO2 fluxes across the region. Light-use efficiency (LUE) was not as strongly correlated to GEP as maximum assimilation capacity (Amax). A bottom-up multi-tower land cover aggregated scaling of CO2 flux to a 2000 km2 regional flux estimate found June to August 2003 NEE, ER and GEP to be -290 ± 89, 408 ± 48, and 698 ± 73 gC m-2, respectively. Aggregated NEE, ER and GEP were 280% larger, 32% smaller and 3% larger, respectively, than that observed from a regionally integrating 447 m tall flux tower. However, when the tall tower fluxes were decomposed using a footprint-weighted influence function and then re-aggregated to a regional estimate, the resulting NEE, ER and GEP were within 11% of the multi-tower aggregation. Excluding wetland and young stand age sites from the aggregation worsened the comparison to observed fluxes. These results provide insight on the range of spatial sampling, replication, measurement error and land cover accuracy needed for multi-tiered bottom-up scaling of CO2 fluxes in heterogeneous regions such as the Upper Midwest, USA.",

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note = "Funding Information: The authors wish to acknowledge the help of numerous field crew, technicians, engineers and students involved in installation, maintenance, troubleshooting and data collection at all the sites. We also thank the land owners for allowing access to field locations, including the cooperation of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) U.S. Forest Service (USFS), Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest and the Ottawa National Forest, the Wisconsin Educational Communications Board and Roger Strand, chief engineer for WLEF-TV. We also wish to acknowledge the support of field stations such as the University of Wisconsin Kemp Natural Resources Station for housing personnel, storing equipment and providing lab access. These sites and this analysis was funded in part with support from the U.S. National Science Foundation, grant number #0129405, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science (BER), Terrestrial Carbon Processes program, grant number DE-FG02-00ER63023, U.S. DOE BER Midwestern Regional Center of the National Institute for Global Environmental Change under Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC03-90ER61010, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Science Mission Directorate, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Lab (CMDL), USDA USFS Northern Global Change Research Program, and the USDA USFS North Central Research Station. ",

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T2 - Implications for regional scaling

AU - Desai, Ankur R.

AU - Noormets, Asko

AU - Bolstad, Paul V.

AU - Chen, Jiquan

AU - Cook, Bruce D.

AU - Davis, Kenneth J.

AU - Euskirchen, Eugenie S.

AU - Gough, Christopher

AU - Martin, Jonathan G.

AU - Ricciuto, Daniel M.

AU - Schmid, Hans Peter

AU - Tang, Jianwu

AU - Wang, Weiguo

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PY - 2008/2/13

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N2 - Carbon dioxide fluxes were examined over the growing seasons of 2002 and 2003 from 14 different sites in Upper Midwest (USA) to assess spatial variability of ecosystem-atmosphere CO2 exchange. These sites were exposed to similar temperature/precipitation regimes and spanned a range of vegetation types typical of the region (northern hardwood, mixed forest, red pine, jack pine, pine barrens and shrub wetland). The hardwood and red pine sites also spanned a range of stand ages (young, intermediate, mature). While seasonal changes in net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and photosynthetic parameters were coherent across the 2 years at most sites, changes in ecosystem respiration (ER) and gross ecosystem production (GEP) were not. Canopy height and vegetation type were important variables for explaining spatial variability of CO2 fluxes across the region. Light-use efficiency (LUE) was not as strongly correlated to GEP as maximum assimilation capacity (Amax). A bottom-up multi-tower land cover aggregated scaling of CO2 flux to a 2000 km2 regional flux estimate found June to August 2003 NEE, ER and GEP to be -290 ± 89, 408 ± 48, and 698 ± 73 gC m-2, respectively. Aggregated NEE, ER and GEP were 280% larger, 32% smaller and 3% larger, respectively, than that observed from a regionally integrating 447 m tall flux tower. However, when the tall tower fluxes were decomposed using a footprint-weighted influence function and then re-aggregated to a regional estimate, the resulting NEE, ER and GEP were within 11% of the multi-tower aggregation. Excluding wetland and young stand age sites from the aggregation worsened the comparison to observed fluxes. These results provide insight on the range of spatial sampling, replication, measurement error and land cover accuracy needed for multi-tiered bottom-up scaling of CO2 fluxes in heterogeneous regions such as the Upper Midwest, USA.

AB - Carbon dioxide fluxes were examined over the growing seasons of 2002 and 2003 from 14 different sites in Upper Midwest (USA) to assess spatial variability of ecosystem-atmosphere CO2 exchange. These sites were exposed to similar temperature/precipitation regimes and spanned a range of vegetation types typical of the region (northern hardwood, mixed forest, red pine, jack pine, pine barrens and shrub wetland). The hardwood and red pine sites also spanned a range of stand ages (young, intermediate, mature). While seasonal changes in net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and photosynthetic parameters were coherent across the 2 years at most sites, changes in ecosystem respiration (ER) and gross ecosystem production (GEP) were not. Canopy height and vegetation type were important variables for explaining spatial variability of CO2 fluxes across the region. Light-use efficiency (LUE) was not as strongly correlated to GEP as maximum assimilation capacity (Amax). A bottom-up multi-tower land cover aggregated scaling of CO2 flux to a 2000 km2 regional flux estimate found June to August 2003 NEE, ER and GEP to be -290 ± 89, 408 ± 48, and 698 ± 73 gC m-2, respectively. Aggregated NEE, ER and GEP were 280% larger, 32% smaller and 3% larger, respectively, than that observed from a regionally integrating 447 m tall flux tower. However, when the tall tower fluxes were decomposed using a footprint-weighted influence function and then re-aggregated to a regional estimate, the resulting NEE, ER and GEP were within 11% of the multi-tower aggregation. Excluding wetland and young stand age sites from the aggregation worsened the comparison to observed fluxes. These results provide insight on the range of spatial sampling, replication, measurement error and land cover accuracy needed for multi-tiered bottom-up scaling of CO2 fluxes in heterogeneous regions such as the Upper Midwest, USA.

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Influence of vegetation and seasonal forcing on carbon dioxide fluxes across the Upper Midwest, USA: Implications for regional scaling

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

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