Infantile and Congenital Hemangiomas: Natural History, Complications, and When and How to Treat

Infantile and congenital hemangiomas are benign vascular tumors of infancy. Typical infantile hemangiomas are common, and though usually innocent, they are extremely heterogeneous and may yield a range of complications depending on their morphology, size, or location. Interventions for infantile hemangiomas include topical, intralesional, and systemic therapies, including oral propranolol, which has revolutionized our management of IH over the past recent years. Congenital hemangiomas are uncommon and are distinct from infantile hemangiomas and follow their own unique life cycle and growth characteristics. Congenital hemangiomas (CH) also have varied clinical presentations and complications. Distinguishing CH from other vascular tumors and malformations is essential to anticipate complications and guide treatment. In the following chapter, authors aim to provide a framework for the hematologist/oncologist regarding the management of infantile and congenital hemangiomas. We will provide a thorough review of each lesion including their specific growth characteristics and clinical course as well as complications to worry about. Treatments for both infantile and congenital hemangiomas will be reviewed in detail and categorized according to their appropriate use in different clinical settings.