Impact of a ceramic trap and manganese fuel additive on the biological activity and chemical composition of exhaust particles from diesel engines used in underground mines

This study examines the effect of a ceramic particle trap and a manganese fuel additive on the mutagenic activity and chemical composition of diesel exhaust particulate matter from a heavy-duty mining engine. Particles were collected by dilution tunnel sampling from a 4-cylinder, Caterpillar 3304, naturally-aspirated, indirect-injection engine operated at six steady-state conditions. Depending on engine load and speed the ceramic particle trap reduced the following emissions: particulate matter, 80-94%; soluble organic fraction (SOF), 83-95%; 1-nitropyrene, 94-96%; and SOF mutagencity, 72% (cycle-weighted average). When the Mn fuel additive was used without a ceramic particle trap the total cycle mutagenic activity emitted increased 7-fold, in part, due to elevated emissions of 1-nitropyrene. When used with the trap at the recommended concentration the Mn additive lowers: the trap regeneration temperature by 65°C; SOF removal efficiency from 86 to 62%; and removal efficiency for mutagenic substances from 72 to 43%.