Identification of pathways for bipolar disorder: A meta-analysis

John I. Nurnberger, Daniel L. Koller, Jeesun Jung, Howard J. Edenberg, Tatiana Foroud, Ilaria Guella, Marquis P. Vawter, John R. Kelsoe, Pamela Sklar, Stephan Ripke, Laura J. Scott, Ole A. Andreassen, Sven Cichon, Nick Craddock, Marcella Rietschel, Douglas Blackwood, Aiden Corvin, Matthew Flickinger, Weihua Guan, Morten MattingsdalAndrew McQuillin, Phoenix Kwan, Thomas F. Wienker, Mark Daly, Frank Dudbridge, Peter A. Holmans, Danyu Lin, Margit Burmeister, Tiffany A. Greenwood, Marian L. Hamshere, Pierandrea Muglia, Erin N. Smith, Peter P. Zandi, Caroline M. Nievergelt, Rebecca McKinney, Paul D. Shilling, Nicholas J. Schork, Cinnamon S. Bloss, Elliot S. Gershon, Chunyu Liu, Judith A. Badner, William A. Scheftner, William B. Lawson, Evaristus A. Nwulia, Maria Hipolito, William Coryell, John Rice, William Byerley, Francis J. McMahon, Thomas G. Schulze, Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Bipolar Group

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

189 Scopus citations

Abstract

IMPORTANCE Genome-wide investigations provide systematic information regarding the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders. OBJECTIVE To identify biological pathways that contribute to risk for bipolar disorder (BP) using genes with consistent evidence for association in multiple genome-wide association studies (GWAS). DATA SOURCES Four independent data sets with individual genome-wide data available in July 2011 along with all data sets contributed to the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Bipolar Group by May 2012. A prior meta-analysis was used as a source for brain gene expression data. STUDY SELECTION The 4 published GWAS were included in the initial sample. All independent BP data sets providing genome-wide data in the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium were included as a replication sample. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS We identified 966 genes that contained 2 or more variants associated with BP at P < .05 in 3 of 4 GWAS data sets (n = 12 127 [5253 cases, 6874 controls]). Simulations using 10 000 replicates of these data sets corrected for gene size and allowed the calculation of an empirical P value for each gene; empirically significant genes were entered into a pathway analysis. Each of these pathways was then tested in the replication sample (n = 8396 [3507 cases, 4889 controls]) using gene set enrichment analysis for single-nucleotide polymorphisms. The 226 genes were also compared with results from ameta-analysis of gene expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Empirically significant genes and biological pathways. RESULTS Among 966 genes, 226 were empirically significant (P < .05). Seventeen pathways were overrepresented in analyses of the initial data set. Six of the 17 pathways were associated with BP in both the initial and replication samples: corticotropin-releasing hormone signaling, cardiac β-adrenergic signaling, phospholipase C signaling, glutamate receptor signaling, endothelin 1 signaling, and cardiac hypertrophy signaling. Among the 226 genes, 9 differed in expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in patients with BP: CACNA1C, DTNA, FOXP1, GNG2, ITPR2, LSAMP, NPAS3, NCOA2, and NTRK3. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Pathways involved in the genetic predisposition to BP include hormonal regulation, calcium channels, second messenger systems, and glutamate signaling. Gene expression studies implicate neuronal development pathways as well. These results tend to reinforce specific hypotheses regarding BP neurobiology and may provide clues for new approaches to treatment and prevention.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)657-664
Number of pages8
JournalJAMA psychiatry
Volume71
Issue number6
DOIs
StatePublished - Jun 1 2014

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Copyright © 2014 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.

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