Hybrid particle-continuum simulations of non-equilibrium hypersonic blunt body flow fields

A modular particle-continuum (MPC) numerical method is presented which solves the Navier-Stokes (NS) equations in regions of near-equilibrium and uses the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method where the flow is in non-equilibrium. The MPC method is designed specifically for steady-stale, hypersonic, non-equilibrium flows and couples existing, state-of-the-art DSMC and NS solvers into a single modular code. The MPC method is tested for 2D flow of N₂ at various Mach numbers over a cylinder where the global Knudsen number is 0.01. For these conditions, NS simulations significantly over-predict the local shear-stress, and also over-predict the peak heating rate by 5-10% when compared with full DSMC simulations. DSMC also predicts faster wake closure and 10-15% higher temperatures in the immediate wake region. The MPC code is able to accurately reproduce DSMC flow field results, local velocity distributions, and surface properties up to 2.8 times faster than full DSMC simulations. The computational time saved by the MPC method is directly proportional to the fraction of the flow field which is in near-equilibrium. It is found that particle simulation of the shock interior is not necessary for accurate prediction of surface properties, however particle simulation of the boundary layer and near-wake region is.