Human Milk Glucose, Leptin, and Insulin Predict Cessation of Full Breastfeeding and Initiation of Formula Use

Emily M. Nagel; Leslie Kummer; David R. Jacobs; Laurie Foster; Katy Duncan; Kelsey Johnson; Lisa Harnack; Jacob Haapala; Harmeet Kharoud; Tiffany Gallagher; Elyse O. Kharbanda; Stephanie Pierce; David A. Fields; Ellen W. Demerath

doi:10.1089/bfm.2021.0131

Human Milk Glucose, Leptin, and Insulin Predict Cessation of Full Breastfeeding and Initiation of Formula Use

Emily M. Nagel, Leslie Kummer, David R. Jacobs, Laurie Foster, Katy Duncan, Kelsey Johnson, Lisa Harnack, Jacob Haapala, Harmeet Kharoud, Tiffany Gallagher, Elyse O. Kharbanda, Stephanie Pierce, David A. Fields, Ellen W. Demerath

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

4 Scopus citations

Abstract

Objective: We aimed to investigate prospective associations between milk bioactives related to metabolic health (glucose, insulin, leptin, C reactive protein [CRP], and interleukin 6 [IL-6]) and incident formula initiation at 3 and 6 months postpartum. Design: This study included 363 mother-infant dyads who were fully breastfed at 1 month and participated in the prospective Mothers and Infants Linked for Healthy Growth study from pregnancy to 6 months postpartum. Associations between milk glucose, leptin, insulin, CRP, and IL-6 at 1 and 3 months and incident formula feeding (FF) at 3 and 6 months, respectively, were tested using multiple logistic regression, adjusting for numerous potential confounders such as maternal age and prepregnancy body mass index. Results: At 3 months postpartum, 1-month glucose (odds ratio [OR] 0.45 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.27-0.75], p ≤ 0.01) and smaller decreases in glucose from 1 to 3 months (OR 0.51 [95% CI: 0.28-0.92], p = 0.03) were associated with lower odds of FF, whereas 1-month leptin (OR 2.30 [95% CI: 1.30-4.07], p < 0.01) and larger increase in insulin (OR 1.86 [95% CI: 1.23-2.81], p < 0.01) and leptin (OR 2.17 [95% CI: 1.29-3.68], p < 0.01) from 1 to 3 months were associated with increased odds of FF. At 6 months, insulin increases (OR 2.08 [95% CI: 1.03-4.17], p = 0.04) were associated with higher odds of FF. Conclusions: In a cohort of women with established lactation, 1-month milk glucose, insulin, and leptin predicted initiation of FF at 3 months. Early milk composition may provide a window into mammary gland function, allowing identification of women at risk of not meeting their breastfeeding goals.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	978-986
Number of pages	9
Journal	Breastfeeding Medicine
Volume	16
Issue number	12
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2021.0131
State	Published - Dec 1 2021

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
We would like to acknowledge and thank all the women and health care providers who contributed to the MILk study. We also acknowledge the valuable assistance of Neely Miller and Kristin Sandness and the resources of the Center for Neuro-behavioral Development, Rebecca Hollister from the Center for Pediatric Obesity at the University of Minnesota, the Clinical and Translational Research Services support team at the Clinical and Translational Science Institute at the University of Minnesota (supported by grant no. UL1TR002494 from the National Institutes of Health’s National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences), laboratory resources from the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, and Elisabeth Seburg at the HealthPartners Institute.

Funding Information:
This study used data from MILk study. The MILk study is supported by an NIH/NICHD grant (R01HD080444). K.E.J. received support from NIDCR (T90DE0227232). E.M.N. was supported by the NIH/NIDDK grant (T32DK083250).

Funding Information:
D.R.J., D.A.F., L.H., E.O.K., and E.W.D. report grant funding from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) during the conduct of this study. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR). E.M.N. reports funding on a grant from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). No other conflicts of interest or financial disclosures were reported.

Publisher Copyright:
© Copyright 2021, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers 2021.

Keywords

bioactives
breastfeeding
formula
human milk
infants
lactation
metabolic health

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1089/bfm.2021.0131

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Nagel, E. M., Kummer, L., Jacobs, D. R., Foster, L., Duncan, K., Johnson, K., Harnack, L., Haapala, J., Kharoud, H., Gallagher, T., Kharbanda, E. O., Pierce, S., Fields, D. A., & Demerath, E. W. (2021). Human Milk Glucose, Leptin, and Insulin Predict Cessation of Full Breastfeeding and Initiation of Formula Use. Breastfeeding Medicine, 16(12), 978-986. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2021.0131

Nagel, EM, Kummer, L, Jacobs, DR, Foster, L, Duncan, K, Johnson, K , Harnack, L, Haapala, J, Kharoud, H, Gallagher, T, Kharbanda, EO, Pierce, S, Fields, DA & Demerath, EW 2021, 'Human Milk Glucose, Leptin, and Insulin Predict Cessation of Full Breastfeeding and Initiation of Formula Use', Breastfeeding Medicine, vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 978-986. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2021.0131

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title = "Human Milk Glucose, Leptin, and Insulin Predict Cessation of Full Breastfeeding and Initiation of Formula Use",

abstract = "Objective: We aimed to investigate prospective associations between milk bioactives related to metabolic health (glucose, insulin, leptin, C reactive protein [CRP], and interleukin 6 [IL-6]) and incident formula initiation at 3 and 6 months postpartum. Design: This study included 363 mother-infant dyads who were fully breastfed at 1 month and participated in the prospective Mothers and Infants Linked for Healthy Growth study from pregnancy to 6 months postpartum. Associations between milk glucose, leptin, insulin, CRP, and IL-6 at 1 and 3 months and incident formula feeding (FF) at 3 and 6 months, respectively, were tested using multiple logistic regression, adjusting for numerous potential confounders such as maternal age and prepregnancy body mass index. Results: At 3 months postpartum, 1-month glucose (odds ratio [OR] 0.45 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.27-0.75], p ≤ 0.01) and smaller decreases in glucose from 1 to 3 months (OR 0.51 [95% CI: 0.28-0.92], p = 0.03) were associated with lower odds of FF, whereas 1-month leptin (OR 2.30 [95% CI: 1.30-4.07], p < 0.01) and larger increase in insulin (OR 1.86 [95% CI: 1.23-2.81], p < 0.01) and leptin (OR 2.17 [95% CI: 1.29-3.68], p < 0.01) from 1 to 3 months were associated with increased odds of FF. At 6 months, insulin increases (OR 2.08 [95% CI: 1.03-4.17], p = 0.04) were associated with higher odds of FF. Conclusions: In a cohort of women with established lactation, 1-month milk glucose, insulin, and leptin predicted initiation of FF at 3 months. Early milk composition may provide a window into mammary gland function, allowing identification of women at risk of not meeting their breastfeeding goals.",

keywords = "bioactives, breastfeeding, formula, human milk, infants, lactation, metabolic health",

author = "Nagel, {Emily M.} and Leslie Kummer and Jacobs, {David R.} and Laurie Foster and Katy Duncan and Kelsey Johnson and Lisa Harnack and Jacob Haapala and Harmeet Kharoud and Tiffany Gallagher and Kharbanda, {Elyse O.} and Stephanie Pierce and Fields, {David A.} and Demerath, {Ellen W.}",

note = "Funding Information: We would like to acknowledge and thank all the women and health care providers who contributed to the MILk study. We also acknowledge the valuable assistance of Neely Miller and Kristin Sandness and the resources of the Center for Neuro-behavioral Development, Rebecca Hollister from the Center for Pediatric Obesity at the University of Minnesota, the Clinical and Translational Research Services support team at the Clinical and Translational Science Institute at the University of Minnesota (supported by grant no. UL1TR002494 from the National Institutes of Health{\textquoteright}s National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences), laboratory resources from the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, and Elisabeth Seburg at the HealthPartners Institute. Funding Information: This study used data from MILk study. The MILk study is supported by an NIH/NICHD grant (R01HD080444). K.E.J. received support from NIDCR (T90DE0227232). E.M.N. was supported by the NIH/NIDDK grant (T32DK083250). Funding Information: D.R.J., D.A.F., L.H., E.O.K., and E.W.D. report grant funding from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) during the conduct of this study. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR). E.M.N. reports funding on a grant from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). No other conflicts of interest or financial disclosures were reported. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} Copyright 2021, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers 2021.",

year = "2021",

month = dec,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1089/bfm.2021.0131",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "16",

pages = "978--986",

journal = "Breastfeeding Medicine",

issn = "1556-8253",

publisher = "Mary Ann Liebert Inc.",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Human Milk Glucose, Leptin, and Insulin Predict Cessation of Full Breastfeeding and Initiation of Formula Use

AU - Nagel, Emily M.

AU - Kummer, Leslie

AU - Jacobs, David R.

AU - Foster, Laurie

AU - Duncan, Katy

AU - Johnson, Kelsey

AU - Harnack, Lisa

AU - Haapala, Jacob

AU - Kharoud, Harmeet

AU - Gallagher, Tiffany

AU - Kharbanda, Elyse O.

AU - Pierce, Stephanie

AU - Fields, David A.

AU - Demerath, Ellen W.

N1 - Funding Information: We would like to acknowledge and thank all the women and health care providers who contributed to the MILk study. We also acknowledge the valuable assistance of Neely Miller and Kristin Sandness and the resources of the Center for Neuro-behavioral Development, Rebecca Hollister from the Center for Pediatric Obesity at the University of Minnesota, the Clinical and Translational Research Services support team at the Clinical and Translational Science Institute at the University of Minnesota (supported by grant no. UL1TR002494 from the National Institutes of Health’s National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences), laboratory resources from the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, and Elisabeth Seburg at the HealthPartners Institute. Funding Information: This study used data from MILk study. The MILk study is supported by an NIH/NICHD grant (R01HD080444). K.E.J. received support from NIDCR (T90DE0227232). E.M.N. was supported by the NIH/NIDDK grant (T32DK083250). Funding Information: D.R.J., D.A.F., L.H., E.O.K., and E.W.D. report grant funding from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) during the conduct of this study. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR). E.M.N. reports funding on a grant from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). No other conflicts of interest or financial disclosures were reported. Publisher Copyright: © Copyright 2021, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers 2021.

PY - 2021/12/1

Y1 - 2021/12/1

N2 - Objective: We aimed to investigate prospective associations between milk bioactives related to metabolic health (glucose, insulin, leptin, C reactive protein [CRP], and interleukin 6 [IL-6]) and incident formula initiation at 3 and 6 months postpartum. Design: This study included 363 mother-infant dyads who were fully breastfed at 1 month and participated in the prospective Mothers and Infants Linked for Healthy Growth study from pregnancy to 6 months postpartum. Associations between milk glucose, leptin, insulin, CRP, and IL-6 at 1 and 3 months and incident formula feeding (FF) at 3 and 6 months, respectively, were tested using multiple logistic regression, adjusting for numerous potential confounders such as maternal age and prepregnancy body mass index. Results: At 3 months postpartum, 1-month glucose (odds ratio [OR] 0.45 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.27-0.75], p ≤ 0.01) and smaller decreases in glucose from 1 to 3 months (OR 0.51 [95% CI: 0.28-0.92], p = 0.03) were associated with lower odds of FF, whereas 1-month leptin (OR 2.30 [95% CI: 1.30-4.07], p < 0.01) and larger increase in insulin (OR 1.86 [95% CI: 1.23-2.81], p < 0.01) and leptin (OR 2.17 [95% CI: 1.29-3.68], p < 0.01) from 1 to 3 months were associated with increased odds of FF. At 6 months, insulin increases (OR 2.08 [95% CI: 1.03-4.17], p = 0.04) were associated with higher odds of FF. Conclusions: In a cohort of women with established lactation, 1-month milk glucose, insulin, and leptin predicted initiation of FF at 3 months. Early milk composition may provide a window into mammary gland function, allowing identification of women at risk of not meeting their breastfeeding goals.

AB - Objective: We aimed to investigate prospective associations between milk bioactives related to metabolic health (glucose, insulin, leptin, C reactive protein [CRP], and interleukin 6 [IL-6]) and incident formula initiation at 3 and 6 months postpartum. Design: This study included 363 mother-infant dyads who were fully breastfed at 1 month and participated in the prospective Mothers and Infants Linked for Healthy Growth study from pregnancy to 6 months postpartum. Associations between milk glucose, leptin, insulin, CRP, and IL-6 at 1 and 3 months and incident formula feeding (FF) at 3 and 6 months, respectively, were tested using multiple logistic regression, adjusting for numerous potential confounders such as maternal age and prepregnancy body mass index. Results: At 3 months postpartum, 1-month glucose (odds ratio [OR] 0.45 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.27-0.75], p ≤ 0.01) and smaller decreases in glucose from 1 to 3 months (OR 0.51 [95% CI: 0.28-0.92], p = 0.03) were associated with lower odds of FF, whereas 1-month leptin (OR 2.30 [95% CI: 1.30-4.07], p < 0.01) and larger increase in insulin (OR 1.86 [95% CI: 1.23-2.81], p < 0.01) and leptin (OR 2.17 [95% CI: 1.29-3.68], p < 0.01) from 1 to 3 months were associated with increased odds of FF. At 6 months, insulin increases (OR 2.08 [95% CI: 1.03-4.17], p = 0.04) were associated with higher odds of FF. Conclusions: In a cohort of women with established lactation, 1-month milk glucose, insulin, and leptin predicted initiation of FF at 3 months. Early milk composition may provide a window into mammary gland function, allowing identification of women at risk of not meeting their breastfeeding goals.

KW - bioactives

KW - breastfeeding

KW - formula

KW - human milk

KW - infants

KW - lactation

KW - metabolic health

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Human Milk Glucose, Leptin, and Insulin Predict Cessation of Full Breastfeeding and Initiation of Formula Use

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

UN SDGs

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