Human-in-the-Loop Control and Cyber–Physical–Human Systems: Applications and Categorization

This chapter surveys and categorize the fields of human-in-the-loop control and cyber-physical-human systems (CPHS), with an emphasis on applications across a diversity of sectors, including aerospace, homes and buildings, robotics, healthcare, automotive, power systems, and the process industries. For human-in-the-loop control, four categories are highlighted in the form of architectural templates: human-in-the-plant, human-in-the-controller, human–machine control symbiosis, and humans-in-multiagent-loops. The progression of technology in each case is outlined, and a timeline of developments is presented. Two future visions, and the challenges behind them, are discussed: self- and human-driven cars in the urban environment and the mitigation of climate change with smart grids. Remarks are also included on the need for modeling human decision-making and on ethics for CPHS.