History of cardiac transplantation: Research, discoveries, and pioneers

The first successful heart transplant could not have been possible without the vision, clinical skills, leadership, and persistence of dedicated physicians and researchers. Since then, these same qualities held by a broader group of clinicians have led to significant improvements over time. Examples of breakthroughs responsible for transplant success include vascular anastomosis, cardiopulmonary bypass, and the discovery of cyclosporine A. This chapter describes the many challenges, contributions, and innovations of cardiovascular experts such as Norman Shumway, MD, widely considered "the father of heart transplantation," and C. Walton Lillehei, MD, considered "the father of open heart surgery." Even Charles Lindbergh collaborated with Nobel Prize winner Alexis Carrel, MD, to develop the first working pump oxygenator used in organ perfusion.