Abstract
The histopathology of cardiac xenograft rejection has evolved over the last 20 yr with the development of new modalities for limiting antibody-mediated injury, advancing regimens for immune suppression, and an ever-widening variety of new donor genetics. These new technologies have helped us progress from what was once an overwhelming anti-Gal-mediated hyperacute rejection to a more protracted anti-Gal-mediated vascular rejection to what is now a more complex manifestation of non-Gal humoral rejection and coagulation dysregulation. This review summarizes the changing histopathology of Gal- and non-Gal-mediated cardiac xenograft rejection and discusses the contributions of immune-mediated injury, species-specific immune-independent factors, transplant and therapeutic procedures, and donor genetics to the overall mechanism(s) of cardiac xenograft rejection.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 292-307 |
| Number of pages | 16 |
| Journal | Xenotransplantation |
| Volume | 20 |
| Issue number | 5 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Sep 2013 |
| Externally published | Yes |
Keywords
- Gal epitope
- cardiac transplantation
- coagulation
- complement activation
- orthotopic transplantation
- xenotransplantation