High-Throughput Fabrication of Resonant Metamaterials with Ultrasmall Coaxial Apertures via Atomic Layer Lithography

Daehan Yoo; Ngoc Cuong Nguyen; Luis Martin-Moreno; Daniel A. Mohr; Sol Carretero-Palacios; Jonah Shaver; Jaime Peraire; Thomas W. Ebbesen; Sang Hyun Oh

doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00024

High-Throughput Fabrication of Resonant Metamaterials with Ultrasmall Coaxial Apertures via Atomic Layer Lithography

Daehan Yoo, Ngoc Cuong Nguyen, Luis Martin-Moreno, Daniel A. Mohr, Sol Carretero-Palacios, Jonah Shaver, Jaime Peraire, Thomas W. Ebbesen, Sang Hyun Oh

Electrical and Computer Engineering

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

83 Scopus citations

Abstract

We combine atomic layer lithography and glancing-angle ion polishing to create wafer-scale metamaterials composed of dense arrays of ultrasmall coaxial nanocavities in gold films. This new fabrication scheme makes it possible to shrink the diameter and increase the packing density of 2 nm-gap coaxial resonators, an extreme subwavelength structure first manufactured via atomic layer lithography, both by a factor of 100 with respect to previous studies. We demonstrate that the nonpropagating zeroth-order Fabry-Pérot mode, which possesses slow light-like properties at the cutoff resonance, traps infrared light inside 2 nm gaps (gap volume ∼ λ³/10⁶). Notably, the annular gaps cover only 3% or less of the metal surface, while open-area normalized transmission is as high as 1700% at the epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) condition. The resulting energy accumulation alongside extraordinary optical transmission can benefit applications in nonlinear optics, optical trapping, and surface-enhanced spectroscopies. Furthermore, because the resonance wavelength is independent of the cavity length and dramatically red shifts as the gap size is reduced, large-area arrays can be constructed with λ_resonance period, making this fabrication method ideal for manufacturing resonant metamaterials.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	2040-2046
Number of pages	7
Journal	Nano letters
Volume	16
Issue number	3
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00024
State	Published - Mar 9 2016

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This research was supported by the Office of Naval Research Young Investigator Program (D.Y. and S.-H.O.), Seagate Technology (J.S. and S.-H.O.), and the NIH Biotechnology Training Grant (D.A.M.). N.C.N. and J.P. acknowledge support from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR Grants FA9550-12-1-0357 and FA9550-11-1-0141). L.M.-M. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MAT2014-53432- C5-1-R). T.W.E. acknowledges support from the Agence National de la Recherche (ANR) Equipex Union (ANR-10-EQPX-52-01), the Labex NIE projects (ANR-11-LABX-0058 NIE), and the Investissement d''Avenir program (ANR-10-IDEX- 0002-02). Device fabrication was performed at the Minnesota Nano Center (MNC) at the University of Minnesota, which receives partial support from the NSF through the National Nanotechnology Coordinated Infrastructure (NNCI). Electron microscopy and FTIR measurements were performed at the Characterization Facility at the University of Minnesota, which has received capital equipment from the NSF MRSEC. The authors thank Xiaoshu Chen and Fernando Reitich for helpful comments.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 American Chemical Society.

Keywords

Coaxial nanohole
atomic layer lithography
epsilon-near-zero metamaterial
extraordinary optical transmission
glancing-angle ion milling
slow light

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10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00024

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@article{d25561bdb08e44fd93045265702db016,

title = "High-Throughput Fabrication of Resonant Metamaterials with Ultrasmall Coaxial Apertures via Atomic Layer Lithography",

abstract = "We combine atomic layer lithography and glancing-angle ion polishing to create wafer-scale metamaterials composed of dense arrays of ultrasmall coaxial nanocavities in gold films. This new fabrication scheme makes it possible to shrink the diameter and increase the packing density of 2 nm-gap coaxial resonators, an extreme subwavelength structure first manufactured via atomic layer lithography, both by a factor of 100 with respect to previous studies. We demonstrate that the nonpropagating zeroth-order Fabry-P{\'e}rot mode, which possesses slow light-like properties at the cutoff resonance, traps infrared light inside 2 nm gaps (gap volume ∼ λ3/106). Notably, the annular gaps cover only 3% or less of the metal surface, while open-area normalized transmission is as high as 1700% at the epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) condition. The resulting energy accumulation alongside extraordinary optical transmission can benefit applications in nonlinear optics, optical trapping, and surface-enhanced spectroscopies. Furthermore, because the resonance wavelength is independent of the cavity length and dramatically red shifts as the gap size is reduced, large-area arrays can be constructed with λresonance period, making this fabrication method ideal for manufacturing resonant metamaterials.",

keywords = "Coaxial nanohole, atomic layer lithography, epsilon-near-zero metamaterial, extraordinary optical transmission, glancing-angle ion milling, slow light",

author = "Daehan Yoo and Nguyen, {Ngoc Cuong} and Luis Martin-Moreno and Mohr, {Daniel A.} and Sol Carretero-Palacios and Jonah Shaver and Jaime Peraire and Ebbesen, {Thomas W.} and Oh, {Sang Hyun}",

note = "Funding Information: This research was supported by the Office of Naval Research Young Investigator Program (D.Y. and S.-H.O.), Seagate Technology (J.S. and S.-H.O.), and the NIH Biotechnology Training Grant (D.A.M.). N.C.N. and J.P. acknowledge support from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR Grants FA9550-12-1-0357 and FA9550-11-1-0141). L.M.-M. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MAT2014-53432- C5-1-R). T.W.E. acknowledges support from the Agence National de la Recherche (ANR) Equipex Union (ANR-10-EQPX-52-01), the Labex NIE projects (ANR-11-LABX-0058 NIE), and the Investissement d''Avenir program (ANR-10-IDEX- 0002-02). Device fabrication was performed at the Minnesota Nano Center (MNC) at the University of Minnesota, which receives partial support from the NSF through the National Nanotechnology Coordinated Infrastructure (NNCI). Electron microscopy and FTIR measurements were performed at the Characterization Facility at the University of Minnesota, which has received capital equipment from the NSF MRSEC. The authors thank Xiaoshu Chen and Fernando Reitich for helpful comments. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2016 American Chemical Society.",

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doi = "10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00024",

language = "English (US)",

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T1 - High-Throughput Fabrication of Resonant Metamaterials with Ultrasmall Coaxial Apertures via Atomic Layer Lithography

AU - Yoo, Daehan

AU - Nguyen, Ngoc Cuong

AU - Martin-Moreno, Luis

AU - Mohr, Daniel A.

AU - Carretero-Palacios, Sol

AU - Shaver, Jonah

AU - Peraire, Jaime

AU - Ebbesen, Thomas W.

AU - Oh, Sang Hyun

N1 - Funding Information: This research was supported by the Office of Naval Research Young Investigator Program (D.Y. and S.-H.O.), Seagate Technology (J.S. and S.-H.O.), and the NIH Biotechnology Training Grant (D.A.M.). N.C.N. and J.P. acknowledge support from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR Grants FA9550-12-1-0357 and FA9550-11-1-0141). L.M.-M. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MAT2014-53432- C5-1-R). T.W.E. acknowledges support from the Agence National de la Recherche (ANR) Equipex Union (ANR-10-EQPX-52-01), the Labex NIE projects (ANR-11-LABX-0058 NIE), and the Investissement d''Avenir program (ANR-10-IDEX- 0002-02). Device fabrication was performed at the Minnesota Nano Center (MNC) at the University of Minnesota, which receives partial support from the NSF through the National Nanotechnology Coordinated Infrastructure (NNCI). Electron microscopy and FTIR measurements were performed at the Characterization Facility at the University of Minnesota, which has received capital equipment from the NSF MRSEC. The authors thank Xiaoshu Chen and Fernando Reitich for helpful comments. Publisher Copyright: © 2016 American Chemical Society.

PY - 2016/3/9

Y1 - 2016/3/9

N2 - We combine atomic layer lithography and glancing-angle ion polishing to create wafer-scale metamaterials composed of dense arrays of ultrasmall coaxial nanocavities in gold films. This new fabrication scheme makes it possible to shrink the diameter and increase the packing density of 2 nm-gap coaxial resonators, an extreme subwavelength structure first manufactured via atomic layer lithography, both by a factor of 100 with respect to previous studies. We demonstrate that the nonpropagating zeroth-order Fabry-Pérot mode, which possesses slow light-like properties at the cutoff resonance, traps infrared light inside 2 nm gaps (gap volume ∼ λ3/106). Notably, the annular gaps cover only 3% or less of the metal surface, while open-area normalized transmission is as high as 1700% at the epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) condition. The resulting energy accumulation alongside extraordinary optical transmission can benefit applications in nonlinear optics, optical trapping, and surface-enhanced spectroscopies. Furthermore, because the resonance wavelength is independent of the cavity length and dramatically red shifts as the gap size is reduced, large-area arrays can be constructed with λresonance period, making this fabrication method ideal for manufacturing resonant metamaterials.

AB - We combine atomic layer lithography and glancing-angle ion polishing to create wafer-scale metamaterials composed of dense arrays of ultrasmall coaxial nanocavities in gold films. This new fabrication scheme makes it possible to shrink the diameter and increase the packing density of 2 nm-gap coaxial resonators, an extreme subwavelength structure first manufactured via atomic layer lithography, both by a factor of 100 with respect to previous studies. We demonstrate that the nonpropagating zeroth-order Fabry-Pérot mode, which possesses slow light-like properties at the cutoff resonance, traps infrared light inside 2 nm gaps (gap volume ∼ λ3/106). Notably, the annular gaps cover only 3% or less of the metal surface, while open-area normalized transmission is as high as 1700% at the epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) condition. The resulting energy accumulation alongside extraordinary optical transmission can benefit applications in nonlinear optics, optical trapping, and surface-enhanced spectroscopies. Furthermore, because the resonance wavelength is independent of the cavity length and dramatically red shifts as the gap size is reduced, large-area arrays can be constructed with λresonance period, making this fabrication method ideal for manufacturing resonant metamaterials.

KW - Coaxial nanohole

KW - atomic layer lithography

KW - epsilon-near-zero metamaterial

KW - extraordinary optical transmission

KW - glancing-angle ion milling

KW - slow light

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M3 - Article

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AN - SCOPUS:84960532520

SN - 1530-6984

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JO - Nano letters

JF - Nano letters

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ER -

High-Throughput Fabrication of Resonant Metamaterials with Ultrasmall Coaxial Apertures via Atomic Layer Lithography

Abstract

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