Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

Daniel J. Klionsky, Fabio C. Abdalla, Hagai Abeliovich, Robert T. Abraham, Abraham Acevedo-Arozena, Khosrow Adeli, Lotta Agholme, Maria Agnello, Patrizia Agostinis, Julio A. Aguirre-Ghiso, Hyung Jun Ahn, Ouardia Ait-Mohamed, Slimane Ait-Si-Ali, Takahiko Akematsu, Shizuo Akira, Hesham M. Al-Younes, Munir A. Al-Zeer, Matthew L. Albert, Roger L. Albin, Javier Alegre-AbarrateguiMaria Francesca Aleo, Mehrdad Alirezaei, Alexandru Almasan, Maylin Almonte-Becerril, Atsuo Amano, Ravi Amaravadi, Shoba Amarnath, Amal O. Amer, Nathalie Andrieu-Abadie, Vellareddy Anantharam, David K. Ann, Shailendra Anoopkumar-Dukie, Hiroshi Aoki, Nadezda Apostolova, Giuseppe Arancia, John P. Aris, Katsuhiko Asanuma, Nana Y O Asare, Hisashi Ashida, Valerie Askanas, David S. Askew, Patrick Auberger, Misuzu Baba, Steven K. Backues, Eric H. Baehrecke, Ben A. Bahr, Xue Yuan Bai, Yannick Bailly, Robert Baiocchi, Giulia Baldini, Walter Balduini, Andrea Ballabio, Bruce A. 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Kampinga, Hiromitsu Kanamori, Chanhee Kang, Khong Bee Kang, Kwang Il Kang, Rui Kang, Yoon A. Kang, Tomotake Kanki, Thirumala Devi Kanneganti, Haruo Kanno, Anumantha G. Kanthasamy, Arthi Kanthasamy, Vassiliki Karantza, Gur P. Kaushal, Susmita Kaushik, Yoshinori Kawazoe, Po Yuan Ke, John H. Kehrl, Ameeta Kelekar, Claus Kerkhoff, David H. Kessel, Hany Khalil, Jan A K W Kiel, Amy A. Kiger, Akio Kihara, Deok Ryong Kim, Do Hyung Kim, Dong Hou Kim, Eun Kyoung Kim, Hyung Ryong Kim, Jae Sung Kim, Jeong Hun Kim, Jin Cheon Kim, John K. Kim, Peter K. Kim, Seong Who Kim, Yong Sun Kim, Yonghyun Kim, Adi Kimchi, Alec C. Kimmelman, Jason S. King, Timothy J. Kinsella, Vladimir Kirkin, Lorrie A. Kirshenbaum, Katsuhiko Kitamoto, Kaio Kitazato, Ludger Klein, Walter T. Klimecki, Jochen Klucken, Erwin Knecht, Ben C B Ko, Jan C. Koch, Hiroshi Koga, Jae Young Koh, Young Ho Koh, Masato Koike, Masaaki Komatsu, Eiki Kominami, Hee Jeong Kong, Wei Jia Kong, Viktor I. Korolchuk, Yaichiro Kotake, Michael I. 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2923 Scopus citations

Abstract

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)445-544
Number of pages100
JournalAutophagy
Volume8
Issue number4
StatePublished - Apr 1 2012

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
flux(i.e.,therateofdelivbeingaskediswhetherDo noteryofautophagysubstratestolysosomeaparticularconditionchangesautophadsgiciswho,extentduedshisrtooveapoloirsightborgiesuanytoresearchetotherereason,rsin.couldnotbeincluded.thefieldofautophagy or the vacuole, followed by degradation), then assessment of This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Public steady-state levels of autophagosomes (e.g., by counting GFP-LC3 Health Service grant GM53396 to D.J.K. Due to space and other puncta, monitoring the amount of LC3-II without examining limitations, it is not possible to include all other sources of turnover, or by single time point electron micrographs) is not financial support.

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