Grooving in the midcontinent: A tectonic origin for the mysterious striations of L’Anse Bay, Michigan, USA

A striated surface is present at an erosional unconformity between foliated Paleoproterozoic Michigamme Formation and fluvial conglomerate and sandstone of the Neoproterozoic Jacobsville Formation exposed at L’Anse Bay (Michigan, USA). These striations have been interpreted to be the result of ice flow in either the Proterozoic, the Pleistocene, or the modern. Recently, the glacial origin interpretation for this striated surface has been used to argue that it may be related to ca. 717–635 Ma Cryogenian snowball Earth glaciation. This interpretation would make the surface a rare example of a Neoproterozoic glacial pavement, with major chronostratigraphic implications that in turn impose constraints on the timing of intracratonic erosion related to the formation of the Great Unconformity. In this contribution, we present new observations showing that the surface is a tectonic slickenside caused by largely unconformity-parallel slip along the erosional unconformity. We document structural repetition of the Michigamme-Jacobsville contact with associated small-scale folding. The unconformity-parallel slip transitions into thrust faults that ramp up into the overlying Jacobsville Formation. We interpret that the surface records contractional deformation rather than ancient glaciation, recent ice movement, or recent mass wasting. The faulting likely occurred during the Rigolet phase of the Grenvillian orogeny, which also folded the Jacobsville Formation in the footwall of the Keweenaw fault.