Global assessment of national mandatory vaccination policies and consequences of non-compliance

Katie Gravagna; Andy Becker; Robert Valeris-Chacin; Inari Mohammed; Sailee Tambe; Fareed A. Awan; Traci L. Toomey; Nicole E. Basta

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.063

Global assessment of national mandatory vaccination policies and consequences of non-compliance

Katie Gravagna, Andy Becker, Robert Valeris-Chacin, Inari Mohammed, Sailee Tambe, Fareed A. Awan, Traci L. Toomey, Nicole E. Basta

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

52 Scopus citations

Abstract

Background: Declining vaccination coverage and increasing hesitancy is a worldwide concern. Many countries have implemented mandatory vaccination policies to promote vaccination. However, mandatory vaccination policies differ significantly by country. Beyond case studies, no comprehensive study has compared these policies or the penalties for non-compliance on a global scale. Methods: We conducted extensive keyword, policy, and literature searches to identify mandatory national vaccination policies globally and develop a comprehensive database. A mandatory national vaccination policy was defined as a policy from a national authority that requires individuals to receive at least one vaccination based on age or to access a service. Two reviewers independently evaluated evidence for a mandate and whether non-compliance penalties were incorporated. We categorized penalties into four types, based on the nature of the penalty. These penalties impact an individual's financial, parental rights, educational (i.e., child's school entry and access), and liberty status. We rated the severity within each category. Results: Of 193 countries investigated, 54% (n = 105) had evidence of a nationwide mandate as of December 2018. The frequency, types, and severity of penalties varied widely across all regions. We found that 59% (n = 62) of countries with national mandates defined at least one penalty for non-compliance with a vaccine mandate. Among those, educational penalties (i.e., limiting a child's entry or ongoing access to school) were the most common (69%; n = 43), with most countries with educational penalties refusing school enrollment until vaccination requirements are met (81%; n = 35). Conclusion: We undertook a comprehensive assessment of national mandatory vaccination policies and identified a diversity of penalties in place to promote compliance. Our results highlight the need to critically evaluate the implementation of non-compliance penalties in order to determine their effectiveness and to define best practices for sustaining high vaccination uptake worldwide.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	7865-7873
Number of pages	9
Journal	Vaccine
Volume	38
Issue number	49
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.063
State	Published - Nov 17 2020

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf and have no conflicts of interest to declare. NEB has received research grants from the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the US National Institutes of Health; KG had financial support from the Grand Challenges Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP) of the University of Minnesota; there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.

Funding Information:
This work was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health [Award Number R01 AI132496] and the University of Minnesota [Grand Challenges Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP)]. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health, the University of Minnesota, or McGill University. The funding sources had no involvement in the study design; collection, analysis and interpretation of data; writing of the report; or the decision to submit the article for publication.

Funding Information:
This work was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health [Award Number R01 AI132496 ] and the University of Minnesota [Grand Challenges Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP)]. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health, the University of Minnesota, or McGill University. The funding sources had no involvement in the study design; collection, analysis and interpretation of data; writing of the report; or the decision to submit the article for publication.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 The Authors

Keywords

Compliance
Mandatory
Penalties
Policy
Vaccination
Vaccine hesitancy
Vaccines

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10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.063

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title = "Global assessment of national mandatory vaccination policies and consequences of non-compliance",

abstract = "Background: Declining vaccination coverage and increasing hesitancy is a worldwide concern. Many countries have implemented mandatory vaccination policies to promote vaccination. However, mandatory vaccination policies differ significantly by country. Beyond case studies, no comprehensive study has compared these policies or the penalties for non-compliance on a global scale. Methods: We conducted extensive keyword, policy, and literature searches to identify mandatory national vaccination policies globally and develop a comprehensive database. A mandatory national vaccination policy was defined as a policy from a national authority that requires individuals to receive at least one vaccination based on age or to access a service. Two reviewers independently evaluated evidence for a mandate and whether non-compliance penalties were incorporated. We categorized penalties into four types, based on the nature of the penalty. These penalties impact an individual's financial, parental rights, educational (i.e., child's school entry and access), and liberty status. We rated the severity within each category. Results: Of 193 countries investigated, 54% (n = 105) had evidence of a nationwide mandate as of December 2018. The frequency, types, and severity of penalties varied widely across all regions. We found that 59% (n = 62) of countries with national mandates defined at least one penalty for non-compliance with a vaccine mandate. Among those, educational penalties (i.e., limiting a child's entry or ongoing access to school) were the most common (69%; n = 43), with most countries with educational penalties refusing school enrollment until vaccination requirements are met (81%; n = 35). Conclusion: We undertook a comprehensive assessment of national mandatory vaccination policies and identified a diversity of penalties in place to promote compliance. Our results highlight the need to critically evaluate the implementation of non-compliance penalties in order to determine their effectiveness and to define best practices for sustaining high vaccination uptake worldwide.",

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note = "Funding Information: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf and have no conflicts of interest to declare. NEB has received research grants from the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the US National Institutes of Health; KG had financial support from the Grand Challenges Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP) of the University of Minnesota; there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. Funding Information: This work was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health [Award Number R01 AI132496] and the University of Minnesota [Grand Challenges Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP)]. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health, the University of Minnesota, or McGill University. The funding sources had no involvement in the study design; collection, analysis and interpretation of data; writing of the report; or the decision to submit the article for publication. Funding Information: This work was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health [Award Number R01 AI132496 ] and the University of Minnesota [Grand Challenges Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP)]. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health, the University of Minnesota, or McGill University. The funding sources had no involvement in the study design; collection, analysis and interpretation of data; writing of the report; or the decision to submit the article for publication. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 The Authors",

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doi = "10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.063",

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AU - Gravagna, Katie

AU - Becker, Andy

AU - Valeris-Chacin, Robert

AU - Mohammed, Inari

AU - Tambe, Sailee

AU - Awan, Fareed A.

AU - Toomey, Traci L.

AU - Basta, Nicole E.

N1 - Funding Information: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf and have no conflicts of interest to declare. NEB has received research grants from the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the US National Institutes of Health; KG had financial support from the Grand Challenges Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP) of the University of Minnesota; there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. Funding Information: This work was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health [Award Number R01 AI132496] and the University of Minnesota [Grand Challenges Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP)]. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health, the University of Minnesota, or McGill University. The funding sources had no involvement in the study design; collection, analysis and interpretation of data; writing of the report; or the decision to submit the article for publication. Funding Information: This work was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health [Award Number R01 AI132496 ] and the University of Minnesota [Grand Challenges Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP)]. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health, the University of Minnesota, or McGill University. The funding sources had no involvement in the study design; collection, analysis and interpretation of data; writing of the report; or the decision to submit the article for publication. Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Authors

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Y1 - 2020/11/17

N2 - Background: Declining vaccination coverage and increasing hesitancy is a worldwide concern. Many countries have implemented mandatory vaccination policies to promote vaccination. However, mandatory vaccination policies differ significantly by country. Beyond case studies, no comprehensive study has compared these policies or the penalties for non-compliance on a global scale. Methods: We conducted extensive keyword, policy, and literature searches to identify mandatory national vaccination policies globally and develop a comprehensive database. A mandatory national vaccination policy was defined as a policy from a national authority that requires individuals to receive at least one vaccination based on age or to access a service. Two reviewers independently evaluated evidence for a mandate and whether non-compliance penalties were incorporated. We categorized penalties into four types, based on the nature of the penalty. These penalties impact an individual's financial, parental rights, educational (i.e., child's school entry and access), and liberty status. We rated the severity within each category. Results: Of 193 countries investigated, 54% (n = 105) had evidence of a nationwide mandate as of December 2018. The frequency, types, and severity of penalties varied widely across all regions. We found that 59% (n = 62) of countries with national mandates defined at least one penalty for non-compliance with a vaccine mandate. Among those, educational penalties (i.e., limiting a child's entry or ongoing access to school) were the most common (69%; n = 43), with most countries with educational penalties refusing school enrollment until vaccination requirements are met (81%; n = 35). Conclusion: We undertook a comprehensive assessment of national mandatory vaccination policies and identified a diversity of penalties in place to promote compliance. Our results highlight the need to critically evaluate the implementation of non-compliance penalties in order to determine their effectiveness and to define best practices for sustaining high vaccination uptake worldwide.

AB - Background: Declining vaccination coverage and increasing hesitancy is a worldwide concern. Many countries have implemented mandatory vaccination policies to promote vaccination. However, mandatory vaccination policies differ significantly by country. Beyond case studies, no comprehensive study has compared these policies or the penalties for non-compliance on a global scale. Methods: We conducted extensive keyword, policy, and literature searches to identify mandatory national vaccination policies globally and develop a comprehensive database. A mandatory national vaccination policy was defined as a policy from a national authority that requires individuals to receive at least one vaccination based on age or to access a service. Two reviewers independently evaluated evidence for a mandate and whether non-compliance penalties were incorporated. We categorized penalties into four types, based on the nature of the penalty. These penalties impact an individual's financial, parental rights, educational (i.e., child's school entry and access), and liberty status. We rated the severity within each category. Results: Of 193 countries investigated, 54% (n = 105) had evidence of a nationwide mandate as of December 2018. The frequency, types, and severity of penalties varied widely across all regions. We found that 59% (n = 62) of countries with national mandates defined at least one penalty for non-compliance with a vaccine mandate. Among those, educational penalties (i.e., limiting a child's entry or ongoing access to school) were the most common (69%; n = 43), with most countries with educational penalties refusing school enrollment until vaccination requirements are met (81%; n = 35). Conclusion: We undertook a comprehensive assessment of national mandatory vaccination policies and identified a diversity of penalties in place to promote compliance. Our results highlight the need to critically evaluate the implementation of non-compliance penalties in order to determine their effectiveness and to define best practices for sustaining high vaccination uptake worldwide.

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KW - Mandatory

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KW - Policy

KW - Vaccination

KW - Vaccine hesitancy

KW - Vaccines

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Global assessment of national mandatory vaccination policies and consequences of non-compliance

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

Publisher link

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